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MACHINE DESIGN-I
B.Tech 5th Semester Curriculum under ASTU
AEC, Mechanical Department
Instructor: Debottam Bhowmik, PMRF Scholar, IIT Guwahati
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About Instructor
• Name: Mr Debottam Bhowmik • Additional Information
• Class 10th : From KV Maligaon, June 2011 Passed out,
1st Division. • Qualified GATE 3 times.
• Class 12th: From KV Maligaon, May 2013 Passed out,
1st Division • Published 3 UGC Journal
• B.Tech: From Assam Science and Technology and 3 International
University, July 2017 Passed out, 1 st Class. Conference papers.
• M.Tech: From Delhi Technological University, June
2022 Passed out, 1st Class. • Got selected for MS(R)
• PhD: Pursuing from IIT Guwahati, Since July 2022 program at IIT Guwahati in
onwards, Got selected for PMRF (Oct 2023) July 2019.
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MODULE: THREADED FASTNERS

Outline
• Introduction
• Important terms in screwed joints
• Forms of Screw Threads
• Common Types of Screw Fastenings
• Designation of Screw Threads
• Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading
• Stresses due to External loading
• Bolted Joints under Eccentric Loading
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INTRODUCTION
• A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on cylindrical surface.

• A screw made by cutting a single helical groove on the cylinder is known as single threaded

• If second groove is cut into the space between the groove of first then it is double threaded

Single threaded Double threaded

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INTRODUCTION
• A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i.e. a bolt and nut.

• The screwed joints are widely used where the machine parts are required to be readily connected
or disconnected

Bolt
Nut
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INTRODUCTION
• Advantages:

• Screwed joints are highly reliable in operation.

• Screwed joints are convenient to assemble and disassemble.
• Screws are relatively cheap to produce due to standardisation and highly efficient manufacturing
processes.

• Disadvantages:

• The stress concentration in the threaded portions which are vulnerable points under variable load
conditions.
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IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN SCREW THREADS

 Major diameter: It is the largest diameter of an
external or internal screw thread. The screw is
specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside
or nominal diameter.

 Minor diameter: It is the smallest diameter of an

external or internal screw thread. It is also known as
core or root diameter.

 Pitch diameter: It is the diameter of an imaginary

cylinder, on a cylindrical screw thread, the surface of Terminology in screw threads
which would pass through the thread at such points
as to make equal the width of the thread
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IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN SCREW THREADS

 Pitch: It is the distance from a point on one thread to
the corresponding point on the next.

Mathematically,
Pitch =

 Lead: It is the distance between two corresponding

points on the same helix.

Lead is equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it

is twice the pitch in double start, thrice the pitch in triple Terminology in screw threads
start and so on.
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IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN SCREW THREADS

 Crest: It is the top surface of the thread.

 Root: It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent

flanks of the thread.

 Depth of thread: It is the perpendicular distance

between the crest and root.

 Flank: It is the surface joining the crest and root.

Terminology in screw threads
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FORMS OF SCREW THREAD

• It is a symmetrical V-thread in
which the angle between the
flankes, measured in an axial
plane, is 55°. British Standard Whitworth Thread

• These threads are found on bolts

and screwed fastenings for special
purposes.

• This is a B.S.W. thread with fine

pitches.
British Association Thread
• These threads are used for
instruments and other precision
works.
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FORMS OF SCREW THREAD

• Thread has flat crests and
roots.
American National Standard Thread
• These threads are used
for general purposes e.g.
on bolts, nuts, screws and
tapped holes.

• screw thread system with the included angle

of 60°, in order to facilitate the exchange of
Unified Standard Thread machinery.

• The thread has rounded crests and roots

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FORMS OF SCREW THREAD

ACME Thread:
Square Thread:
• It is a modification of square thread.
• The square threads, are widely used for
transmission of power
• It is much stronger than square thread and can
be easily produced.
• Threads are not so strong as V-threads but they
offer less frictional resistance to motion than
• These threads are frequently used on screw
Whitworth threads.
cutting lathes, brass valves
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FORMS OF SCREW THREAD

• It is also a modification of square thread.
It has rounded top and bottom.
Knuckle Thread
• They are usually found on railway
carriage couplings, hydrants, necks of
glass bottles and large moulded
insulators used in electrical trade.

• It is used for transmission of power in one

direction only.

• The force is transmitted almost parallel to the

axis.

• It has a low frictional resistance

Buttress Thread
characteristics of the square thread and have
the same strength as that of V-thread.
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COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS

Through Bolts Tap Bolts Studs

• It is a round bar threaded at
• It is a cylindrical bar with threads for • It is screwed into a both ends.
the nut at one end and head at the tapped hole of one of the
other end. parts to be fastened • One end is screwed into a
without the nut. tapped hole, while the other
• Also known as machine bolts, carriage end receives a nut on it
bolts, automobile bolts, eye bolts etc.
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COMMON TYPES OF SCREW FASTENINGS

• Cap screws: The cap screws are similar to tap bolts except that they are of small size and a variety of
shapes of heads.

• Set screws: The set screws are shown in Fig above. These are used to prevent relative motion between the
two parts.
• A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one part so that its point (i.e. end of the screw) presses
against the other part.
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DESIGNATION OF SCREWED THREADS

• According to Indian standards, IS : 4218 (Part IV) 1976 (Reaffirmed 1996), the complete
designation of the screw thread shall include

 Size Designation: The size of the screw thread is designated by the letter `M' followed by the
diameter and pitch, the two being separated by the sign ×.

 Tolerance designation: This shall include

I. A figure designating tolerance grade as indicated below: ‘7’ for fine grade, ‘8’ for normal
(medium) grade, and ‘9’ for coarse grade.

II. A letter designating the tolerance position as indicated below : ‘H’ for unit thread, ‘d’ for bolt
thread with allowance, and ‘h’ for bolt thread without allowance.
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STRESSES IN SCREWED FASTENING DUE TO STATIC LOAD

• The following stresses in screwed fastening due to static loading are important:

 Internal stresses due to screwing up forces

 Stresses due to external forces
 Stress due to combination of stresses

 Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces:

 Tensile stresses due to stretching of the bolt

If the bolt is not initially stressed, then the maximum safe axial load which may be applied to it, is
given by

P = Permissible stress × Cross-sectional area at bottom of the thread (i.e Stress area)
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STRESSES IN SCREWED FASTENING DUE TO STATIC LOAD

• The stress area may be obtained as

Where,

 Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of the threads during its tightening

From torsional equation,

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STRESSES IN SCREWED FASTENING DUE TO STATIC LOAD

 Shear stress across the threads

 Compression or crushing stress on threads

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STRESSES IN SCREWED FASTENING DUE TO STATIC LOAD

 Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or nut are not perfectly parallel to the bolt

Q1: Two machine parts are fastened together tightly by means of a 24 mm tap bolt. If the load
tending to separate these parts is neglected, find the stress that is set up in the bolt by the initial
tightening. [210 MPa]
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STRESSES IN SCREWED FASTENING DUE TO STATIC LOAD

 Stresses due to External Forces

 Tensile stress:
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STRESSES IN SCREWED FASTENING DUE TO STATIC LOAD

 Shear stress

 Combined Tension and Shear Stress

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NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Q2: Two shafts are connected by means of a flange coupling to transmit torque of 25 N-m. The
flanges of the coupling are fastened by four bolts of the same material at a radius of 30 mm. Find
the size of the bolts if the allowable shear stress for the bolt material is 30 MPa. [2.97 mm]

Q3: A steam engine cylinder has an effective diameter of 350 mm and the maximum steam
pressure acting on the cylinder cover is 1.25 N/mm 2. Calculate the number of studs required to fix
the cylinder cover, assuming the permissible stress in the studs as 33 MPa. [n =12]

Q4: The longitudinal bar stays of a short boiler are pitched at 350 mm horizontally and vertically as
shown in Fig. The steam pressure is 0.84 N/mm 2. Find the size of mild steel bolts having tensile
stress as 56 MPa. [48.36 mm]
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BOLTED JOINTS UNDER ECCENTRIC LOADING

• An eccentric loaded bolted joint refers to a connection where the applied load is not aligned with
the axis of the bolt or the center of the joint.

• In other words, the line of action of the applied load does not pass through the centerline of the
bolt or the centroid of the joint.

Eccentrically loaded bolted joints

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Eccentric Load Acting Perpendicular to the Axis of Bolts

• The bolts are subjected to direct shearing load which
is equally shared by all the bolts. Therefore direct
shear load on each bolts

• In this case, bolts 3 and 4 are heavily loaded,

• When the bolts are subjected to shear as well as

tensile loads, then the equivalent loads
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Eccentric load acting perpendicular to the axis of bolts

• The equivalent shear load
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