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2 views19 pages

Chapter2 1

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15985720860
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Chapter 2 Basic Structures: Sets,

Functions, Sequences, Sum and


Matrices

§2.1 Sets
§2.2 Set Operations
§2.3 Functions
§2.5 Cardinality of Sets
§2.6 Matrices
§2.1 Sets
1. Introduction
(1) Definition 1 (page 116)
A set is an unordered collection of
objects.

(2) Definition 1 (page 116)


The objects in a set are also called
the elements or members, of the set.
A set is said to contain its elements
(3) How to describe a set?
The first way
-----listing all the members of a set
Examples (page 116)
(a) The set V of all vowels ( 元音字母 ) in
the English alphabet
V={a, e, i, o, u}
(b) The set of odd positive integers
less than 10
O={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(c) A set can contain some unrelated
elements
{a, 2, Fred, New Jersey}
(d) The set of positive integers less than
100
{1, 2, 3, ……, 99}
(e) Some important sets (page 116)
N, Z, Z+, Q, R
(4) How to describe a set?
The second way----

Using set builder notation (page 116)

Example: the set of all odd positive


integers less than 10

O={x | x is an odd positive integer less


than 10}
(5) The equation of two sets
Definition 2 (page 117)
Two sets are equal if and only if they
have the same elements.

Example 6 (page 117)


{1, 3, 5}
= {3, 5, 1}
= {1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5} but we usually do
write this way (do not repeat elements)
(6) Empty set ( 空集 , page 118)
{ } or ∅

How about { ∅ }?

(7) Venn diagram ( 文氏图 )


Universal set U ( 全集 )-----containing all the objects
under consideration

Example: Venn diagram for the set of vowels (page


118)
(7) Venn diagram ( 文氏图 )
Example: Venn diagram for the set of
vowels (page 118)

Universal set U ( 全集 )-----containing all the


objects under consideration
(8) Subset ( 子集 )
Definition 3 (page 119)
The set A is said to be a subset of B if
and only if every element of A is also
an element of B. We use the notation ⊆
to indicate subset relation.

A ⊆B
iff ∀x (x∈A→ x∈B )
(9) Theorem 1 (page 120)
For any set S,
(a) ∅ ⊆S (b) S ⊆ S

(10) Proper subset ( 真子集 , page 120)


A is a proper subset of B if and only
if A is a subset of B but that A≠B.

The notation-----A⊂B
(11) One way to show that two sets are
equal
A=B iff A⊆B and B⊆A

(12) The Size of a Set ( 基数 )


Definition 4 (page 121)
Let S be a set. If there are exactly n
distinct elements in S where n is
nonnegative integer, we say that S is a
finite set and that n is the cardinality ( 基
数 ) of S. The cardinality of S is denoted
by |S|.
Example 10 (page 121)
Let A be the set of odd positive integers
less than 10. Then |A|=5.

Definition 5 (page 121)


A set is said to be infinite if it is not
finite.

Example13 (page 121)


The set of positive integers is infinite.
2. The Power Set ( 幂集 )
(1) Definition 6 (page 121)
Given a set S, the power set of S is the
set of all subsets of the set S. The
power set of S is denoted by P(S).
(2) Example 14
What is the power set of {0, 1, 2}?
Answer:
P({0, 1, 2}) = {∅, {0}, {1}, {2}, {0, 1},
{0, 2}, {1, 2}, {0, 1, 2}}.
(3) What is power set of the empty set?
What is the power set of the set {∅}?
Answer:
P(∅) = {∅}
P({∅}) = {∅, {∅}}
3. Cartesian product ( 笛卡儿乘积 )
(1) Ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, ……, an)
Definition 7 (page 122)
The ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, ……, an) ( 有序 n 元
组 ) is the ordered collection that has a 1 as
its first element, a2 as its second element,
… , an as its nth element.

(2) Equality of two ordered n-tuples


(a1, a2, ……, an) = (b1, b2, ……, bn) iff
ai = bi for i=1,2,……,n
(3) Cartesian product of two sets
A×B = { (a,b) | a∈A /\ b∈B }
Example 17 (page 123)
A={1, 2} and B={a, b, c}
Answer:
A × B = { (1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a),
(2, b), (2, c) }
B × A = { (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2),
(c, 1), (c, 2)}
(4) Cartesian product of A1, A2, ……, An
A1×A2× ……×An
={ (a1, a2, ……, an) | ai∈Ai for i=1, 2,…, n}

Example 19 (page 124)


A={0,1}
B={1,2}
C={0,1,2}
What is A×B×C?
4 Using set notation with quantifiers
∀x∈S P(x) ------- ∀x ( x∈S→P(x) )
∃x∈S P(x) ------- ∃x ( x∈S /\ P(x) )

Example 19 (page 119)


What do the statements ∀x∈R (x2≥ 0)
and ∃x∈Z (x2≥ 1) mean?
Discussion

7,11,25,39

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