Digital Image

PRESENTED BY: Rajesh Gaihre

Rocky Garu
 Contents
 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGE
 STRUCTURES OF DIGITAL IMAGE
 ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE DIGITIZATION
 Introduction
 A digital image is a numerical representation of an image via a
set of picture elements known as pixels.
 A digital image is made up of a series of pixels.
 It includes printed texts, photographs, and artwork.
 It is captured from the digital camera, any image machine.
 For storing it in the computer there are different file formats
used which are TIFF, GIF, JPEG, BMP, PNG.
 Limitation of film/screen system
 Exposure error permanent on image.
 Faults in the film can lead to repeat the examination.
 Delay in viewing image.
 Limited dynamic range.
 Storage and retrieval cost.
 Difficult to visualize widely varying tissue
 Copied radiographs are of inferior quality.
 Types of Digital Images
1. Vector Digital Image
2. Raster Digital Image
1. Vector Digital Image
 It is made up of lines and curves which called paths.
 The vector image represents the wireframe type of image.
 The vector image can be zoomed but the pixel quality will not
be compromised which makes the vector image distinguishable
from other types of image.
 The best example is the text.
Advantages
 The file-size efficiency of the image.
 It is easily transmittable.
2. Raster Digital Image
 The raster image is made up of billions and
trillions of tiny squares known as pixel.
 When image is zoomed the tiny pixel can
be seen.
 The main difference is file-size efficiency in
compare to vector image.
 The file size is larger because of pixels.
 Eg. Image present on the websites.
Characteristics of Digital Image
A digital image has four basic characteristics:
1. Image Matrix
2. Pixels
3. Voxels
4. Bit depth
 1. Image Matrix
 A digital radiographic image is formed as an
electronic image that is displayed on a grid called a
matrix.
 The image matrix is laid out in columns (M) and
rows (N).
 An image can be made of thousands, preferably
millions of these small cells.
 Each cell in the image matrix is called a picture
element, or pixel
 Each pixel will have a numerical value (0-256) that
determines the brightness(density).
The field of view (FOV) is the size of the displayed image.
However, if you maintain the same FOV and increase the
matrix size
the pixels will be smaller and hence spatial resolution is
improved.

matrix = M x N x k bits
 2. Pixel
 The pixel is the element that makes up the image matrix, each pixel
is a respective value that will represent a brightness level.
 The size is determined via: Pixel size =
 3. Voxel
 Each individual element or number in
the image matrix represents a three
dimensional volume element in the
object , called a VOXEL

 The voxel is a pixel that represents

information that is contained in a
volume.
 4. Bit Depth
 The k bit is the number of bits per pixel,
the grey scale of an image is equal to 2k-
bit.

• 8 bits = 1 bytes
• k bit of 2 = 4 shades of grey
• k bit of 8 = 256 shades of grey
 The higher the bit depth, the more grey
scale and therefore the higher the
contrast resolution.
 Digital Image Structure
1. Pixels
2. Colour
3. Channels
4. Bits per channel
5. Image sizes
 1. Pixels
 A digital image is made up of a rectangular array (or matrix) of
equal-sized picture elements known as "pixels".
 If we repeatedly enlarge a digital photo we will see the pixels as
squares.
 2. Colour
 The colour of a pixel is represented numerically as the relative
amounts of 3 primary colours: red, green and blue.
 This is because our eye works in similar way.
 Cells in the center of the retina of normal human have three
pigments which are sensitive to R G B.
 So, we detect colour relative to to these colours.

R-255 G-255 B-255

 3. Channels
 The result of processing the raw data to interpolate the missing
values (either in the camera or computer) is a rectangular array
of pixels, each of which has three values.
 The image can be envisaged as comprising 3 layers, one for
each of the primary colors red, green and blue.
 The layers are often called "channels" and sometimes "bands".
 4. Bits per channel
 Bits per color channel, is the number of bits that are used for
storing a color component of a single pixel.
 Image with greater bit depth have large file size.
 It is a method of measuring colour resolution of a digital
image.
 5. Image size
 Image data may be compressed to store on disc, an image
loaded in memory for processing occupies a large number of
bytes.
 Gray scale
 It is the range of grey shades from white to black.
 Each pixel on the digital image has its own inherent value on
gray scale , varying from no intensity (black) to highest
intensity (white).
 Normally modern computer has 256 shades of gray scale.
 Histogram
 Histogram is a graphical display of the pixel intensity
distribution for a digital image.
 The height of each pick represent the no. of pixels having that
specific value.
 A quick glance at a histogram can provide immediate
information about a radiographic technique and associate
product.
 Convolution
 It is a mathematical filtering process of projected data by the
mathematical filter (Kernel) to reduce the blurring effect of the
projections.
 It is related to input signal, output signal and the impulse
response.
 It is applied in image processing for CT and MRI.
 High pass filter
 High pass filter is used to make an image appear sharper.
 It highlight fine detail that has been blurred.
 It retain the high frequency information within an image while
reducing the low frequency information.
 Low pass filter
 Low pass filter is the basis for smoothing method.
 Low pass filter tends to retain the low frequency information
within image while reducing the high frequency information.
 Window width
 It is the range of CT number that an image contain.
 It determines the contrast of the image.
 Window level/Center
 Window level also referred as window center, is a midpoint of
the range of CT no. displaced.
 When the WL is decreased the CT image will be brighter and
vice versa.
 Edge enhancement
 Edge enhancement is an image processing filter that enhance the edge
contrast of an image or video in an attempt to improve its appearance
sharpness.
 Amplification, also known as high pass-filtering, result in increase of
contrast and edge enhancement.
 Suppression of frequencies, also known as masking, can result of loss
of small details.
 This technique is useful for enhancing large structures such as organs
and soft tissues but can be noisy.
 Un-Sharp Masking(USM)
 It is an image sharpening technique.
 It uses a blurred or un-sharp negative image to create mask of
original image.
 Advantages
 Image reconstruction(Ct, mri ,pet).
 Robustness & Distribution
 Image reformatting(multi-plane ,multi-view reconstruction)
 Wide range image data acquisition( ct, digital radiography ,etc).
 Fast Image processing.
 Fast image storage and retrieval.
 Fast and high quality image distribution.
 Controlled viewing ( zooming).
 Image analysis (measurement, computer aided diagnosis).
 Comparison between Analog and
Digital Processing
 Analog signal is a continuous signal which represents physical
measurements.
 Digital signals are discrete time signals generated by digital
modulation.
 Analog information are stored in the form of wave signal, but
digital information are stored in the form of binary bit.
 Since these signal(digital) can be easily manipulated, it offers a
wider range of options.
 Analog system are cheap and portable but digital system cost
high and not easily portable.
THANK YOU
 References
 Radiologic science for technologists by
Stewart Carlyle Bushong
 The essential physics of medical imaging by
Jerrold t. Bushberg
 MCQ QUESTIONS
1.) A digital image is a numerical representation of an image via
a set of picture elements known as -------------
A. Pixels
B. Voxels
C. Image matrix
D. Bits depth
 MCQ QUESTIONS
2.) The full form of JPEG is
A. Joint Photo Experts Group
B. Joint Photographic Examine Group
C. Joint Photographic Experts Group
D. Joint Photograph Experts Group
 MCQ QUESTIONS
3.) Which is not limitation of film over digital image?
A. Exposure error temporary on image.
B. Faults in the film can lead to repeat the examination.
C. Delay in viewing image.
D. Limited dynamic range.
 MCQ QUESTIONS
4.) Pixel size is determined by
A. Field of view/Voxel
B. Field of version/Volume
C. Field of version/Matrix
D. Field of view/Matrix
 MCQ QUESTIONS
5.) Each individual element or number in the image matrix
represents a three dimensional volume element in the object ,
called a--------------
A. Matrix
B. Voxel
C. Pixel
D. Bits depth
 MCQ QUESTIONS
6.) The grey scale of an image is equal to -----bit.
A. 1K
B. 2K
C. 4K
D. 8K
 MCQ QUESTIONS
7.) Which is a method of measuring colour resolution of a digital
image?
A. Colour
B. Channels
C. Bits per channel
D. Image sizes
 MCQ QUESTIONS
8.) Normally modern computer has how many shades of gray
scale?
A. 64
B. 128
C. 256
D. 512
 MCQ QUESTIONS
9.) Define Histogram?
A. It is a graphical display of the pixel intensity distribution for a
digital image.
B. It is the range of grey shades from white to black.
C. It referred as window center, is a midpoint of the range of CT
no. displaced.
D. It is a mathematical technique used in radiology in which raw
data undergo spatial filtration prior to back projection by
combining two signal to form a third signal.
 MCQ QUESTIONS
10.) When the WL is decreased the CT image will be
A. Smother
B. Brighter
C. Duller
D. Sharper
 MCQ QUESTIONS
11.) The relative amounts of 3 primary colours are
A. Red, Orange & Yellow
B. Red, violet & Indigo
C. Red, Blue & Orange
D. Red blue, & Green
 MCQ QUESTIONS
12.) what is advantages of edge enhancement?
A. It enhancing large structures such as organs and soft tissues.
B. It enhancing small structures and minor details.
C. Image noisy can be reduced.
D. Smoothness of image.
 MCQ QUESTIONS
13.) The vector digital image is made up of
A. Pixel & dots
B. Pixel & voxels
C. Dots & curves
D. Lines & curves
 MCQ QUESTIONS
14.) Image matrix is laid out of :
A. column and rows
B. Rows and column
C. Column and column
D. Rows and rows
 MCQ QUESTIONS
15.) Relation of bits and bytes:
A. 16 bits=1byte
B. 8bits =1byte
C. 8byte=1bit
D. 16byte=1bit
 MCQ QUESTIONS
16.) Greater the bit depth …….. File size?
A) Smaller
B) Larger
C) No change
D) None
 MCQ QUESTIONS
17.) The image which is made up of billions and trillions of tiny
squares known as pixel is known as
A. Digital Image
B. Analog Image
C. Raster Image
D. Vector Image
 MCQ QUESTIONS
18.) High pass filter is used to make an image
A. Smother
B. Brighter
C. Duller
D. Sharper
 MCQ QUESTIONS ANSWER
 1. A 10. B
 2. C 11. D
 3. A 12. A
 4. D 13. D
 5. B 14. A
 6. B 15.B
 7. C 16.B
 8. C 17. C
 9. A 18. D