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Conductors Dielectrics and Capacitance

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28 views29 pages

Conductors Dielectrics and Capacitance

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ELE 117

ELECTROMAGNETICS:
Conductors, Dielectrics,
and Capacitance

Prepared by: Engr. John Kenneth A. Omila, REE


Lesson Objectives
 Conceptualize the nature of electric fields in and around
conductors.
 Describe how the insertion of a dielectric between the
plates of a charged parallel--plate capacitor affects its
capacitance and the field strength and voltage between
the plates
 Define and explain the function of capacitance.
 Describe the electric field inside the capacitor, and
relate the strength of this field to the potential
difference between the plates and the plate separation.
 Derive and apply expressions for the energy stored in a
parallel- -plate capacitor and for the energy density in
the field between the plates.
 The electromagnetic constitutive
parameters of a material medium are its
electrical permittivity ε, magnetic
permeability μ, and conductivity σ.
 Materials are classified as conductors
(metals) or dielectrics (insulators)
according to the magnitudes of their
conductivities.
CONDUCTORS:
 A conductor has a large number of loosely
attached electrons in the outermost shells
of its atoms.
 Upon applying an external electric field,
however, the electrons migrate from one
atom to the next in the direction opposite
that of the external field. Their movement
gives rise to a conduction current
CONDUCTORS:

Where,
J – Electric Current Density
σ – Conductivity of a material (Siemens/meter, S/m)
E – Applied Electric Field (V/m)
DIELECTRICS:
 In yet other materials, called dielectrics, the electrons
are tightly bound to the atoms, so much so that it is
very difficult to detach them under the influence of an
electric field. Consequently, no significant conduction
current can flow through them.
 The fundamental difference between a conductor and a
dielectric is that electrons in the outermost atomic
shells of a conductor are only weakly tied to atoms and
hence can freely migrate through the material, whereas
in a dielectric they are strongly bound to the atom.
A perfect dielectric is a material with σ = 0.
In contrast, a perfect conductor is a material
with σ =∞. Some materials, called
superconductors, exhibit such a behavior.
Table 1. Conductivity of some common materials at 20
◦C.
CAPACITANCE:
 Capacitance measures the capability of
energy storage in electrical devices.
 Understanding capacitance and its impact
on device or system operation is critical in
every aspect of electrical engineering.
 When separated by an insulating (dielectric)
medium, any two conducting bodies,
regardless of their shapes and sizes, form a
capacitor.
CAPACITANCE:
 Capacitance is the ratio of the amount of
electric charge stored on a conductor to a
difference in electric potential.
 When separated by an insulating
(dielectric) medium, any two conducting
bodies, regardless of their shapes and
sizes, form a capacitor.
CAPACITANCE:
 Capacitance of a two-conductor conductor
configuration:

Where,
C – Capacitance, Farad
Q – Electric Charge, Coulombs
V – Potential Difference between conductors, Volts.
CAPACITANCE:
 From the previous formula:

Deriving both sides with respect to t:

Current ,

Where,
– current across the capacitor, Amperes.
C – capacitance of the capacitor, Farads.
- rate of potential difference across the capacitor, V/s.
CAPACITANCE:
 From the previous formula:

Rearranging the formula gives us,

Integrating both sides with respect to t:

Current ,

Where,
– current across the capacitor, Amperes.
C – capacitance of the capacitor, Farads.

–Voltage across the capacitor


Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor:

Where,
C – capacitance, F.
- absolute permittivity of free space or vacuum, F/m.
- relative permittivity of dielectric or dielectric constant
– permittivity of the dielectric
A – cross-sectional area the plates,
d – distance between plates, m.
Permittivity, :
 It is a property of material that measures the
opposition it offers against an electric field.
 Relative permittivity is the ratio of the
permittivity of a substance/material to the
permittivity of free space or vacuum.
Permittivity, :

- is the permittivity of free space, it is equal to


approximately
- is the relative permittivity of the material,
dimensionless constant.
ε – permittivity of the dielectric.
Relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and dielectric
strength of common materials.
Relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and dielectric
strength of common materials.
 In free space = 1, and for most conductors
≈ 1.
 The dielectric constant of air is
approximately 1.0006 at sea level, and
decreases toward unity with increasing
altitude.
Capacitance of n-Plate Capacitor w/ uniform
dielectric:

Where,
n – number of parallel plates.
Capacitance of n-Plate Capacitor w/ different
dielectrics:

Where,
, , – thickness of the dielectric
, , - relative permittivities of the media
Capacitance Concentric Spherical Capacitor:

Where,
– radii of spherical plates.
Capacitance Cylindrical Capacitor:

Where,
– radii of spherical plates.
– length of the capacitor
Capacitors in Series:
Capacitors in Series:

Voltage Division Theorem:


Capacitors in Parallel:
Capacitors in Parallel:

Charge Division Theorem:


Energy stored in a Capacitor:

Where,
- Energy stored in the capacitor,
Joules.
– Capacitance of the capacitor, Farads.
– Voltage across the capacitor, Volts.
Sample Problems:
 A condenser is connected across a 110 V supply for
0.50 seconds with the current being kept at constant
0.25A. What is the value of the capacitance?

 A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area 0.55 sq.m.


separated by two slabs of different dielectric materials.
The relative permittivities are 4 and 6; and thickness
are 6 and 12 mm, respectively. Determine the
capacitance of the capacitor.

 Finite amount of energy is stored in a 4μF capacitor


when charged to 500 V supply. Find the power
developed if this energy is dissipated in a time of 10 μs.
Sample Problems:
 Three capacitors of capacitance 30 μF , 20 μF ,and
10μF, respectively are connected in series across a
150V supply. What is voltage drop across the 20 μF
capacitor?

 Two capacitors, 10 μF and 18 μF , are connected in


series to a 110V DC source. Calculate the voltage
across the 10 μF capacitor.

 The equivalent capacitance of two capacitors is


series is 0.824 μF and when connected in parallel,
3.3 μF. What is the value of the lesser capacitance?

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