Differentiation

Prior Knowledge Check

1) Differentiate: 3) The curve C is defined by the
parametric equations:
a) b)
6 𝑥−5 2 1
− −
𝑥
2
2√ 𝑥 , ,
c)
3
8 𝑥 − 16 𝑥
Find the coordinates of any points
where C intersects the coordinate
2) Find the equation of the axes.
tangent to the curve with
equation at the point (3,-1)
4) Solve the equation below in the
𝑦 =− 6 𝑥 −19 interval , giving answers to 3sf.

0 . 588 , 3 . 73
Teachings for
Exercise 9A
When is small and measured in radians 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ≈ 1 −

Differentiation
2

You need to be able to Since for small values of …

differentiate and As

In chapter 5F, you saw the 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

approximations for small angles… 𝜃
As
𝜃
 We can use these when ¿
𝜃
differentiating sine and cosine This expression therefore
from first principles tends towards 1
¿1
 We also need the expansions
for sin and cos that you learnt
in chapter 7

As

9A
When is small and measured in radians 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ≈ 1 −

Differentiation
2

Since for small values of …

You need to be able to
differentiate and As

In chapter 5F, you saw the 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −1

approximations for small angles… 𝜃
As
2
𝜃
 We can use these when 1− −1
2
differentiating sine and cosine ¿
𝜃
from first principles
𝜃
2 Simplify numerator
−
 We also need the expansions 2
¿
for sin and cos that you learnt 𝜃
in chapter 7 Simplify
𝜃
¿−
As As
2
As , this expression will
also
¿0
9A
 As 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
As
Differentiation
′ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
You need to be able to 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
differentiate and Let
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥+ ℎ ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
Use the expansion
In chapter 5F, you saw the ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 of sin from above
approximations for small angles… 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Rearrange
′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=lim
 We can use these when ℎ→0 ℎ
Separate into 2
differentiating sine and cosine
fractions
from first principles 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=lim
ℎ→0
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−
ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
+
ℎ ) Factorise left
fraction
 We also need the expansions
for sin and cos that you learnt
′
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=lim
ℎ→0
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
ℎ
+
ℎ ) Use the
in chapter 7 approximations we
′
just learnt (as )
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

9A
As 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
As
Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate and
Gradient = -1
y=
If: 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 Cosθ

𝑑𝑦 y=
Then: =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0 Sinθ
𝑑𝑥 π
/2 π 3π
/2 2π

-1
Gradient = 0

This means that the Cos graph is actually telling

you the gradient of the Sin graph at the equivalent
point!

 At π, Cosθ = -1
 The gradient of Sinθ at π is -1

 At 3π/2, Cosθ = 0
 The gradient of Sinθ at 3π/2 is 0!

9A
When is small and measured in radians 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ≈ 1 −

Differentiation
2

You need to be able to Since for small values of …

differentiate and As

 What is we had a coefficient in 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝜃

front of the term? 𝜃
As
𝑘𝜃
In the small angle approximation ¿
𝜃
for sine or cosine, we effectively This expression therefore
just replace all terms with tends towards
instead… ¿𝑘
As

9A
When is small and measured in radians 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ≈ 1 −

Differentiation
2

Since for small values of …

You need to be able to As
differentiate and

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃 − 1
 What is we had a coefficient in
front of the term?
𝜃
2
As
(𝑘 𝜃 )
1− −1
2
In the small angle approximation ¿
for sine or cosine, we effectively 𝜃
just replace all terms with 2 Simplify numerator
instead… (𝑘 𝜃 )
−
2
As As ¿
𝜃
Simplify
𝑘2 𝜃
¿−
2
As , this expression will
also
¿0
9A
 As 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
As
Differentiation
′ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
You need to be able to 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
differentiate and Let
′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑘 ( 𝑥 +ℎ) ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
Expand the
What if instead of differentiating , ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑘𝑥+ 𝑘ℎ ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 inner bracket
we differentiated 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=lim Use the
ℎ →0 ℎ
expansion
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘ℎ+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘ℎ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 of sine
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=lim
 So for example, , etc… ℎ→0 ℎ
Rearrange
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘ℎ− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘ℎ
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=lim
ℎ→0 ℎ Write as 2
separate
′
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=lim(
ℎ→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘ℎ− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘ℎ
ℎ
+
ℎ )
fractions

Factorise left

( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘ℎ−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘ℎ fraction
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=lim +
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ
Use the
= approximatio
′
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 ns as

9A
As 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝛼+ 𝛽 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
As
Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate and

If: If:
Then: Then:

If: If:
Then: Then:

You should try to prove these

yourself from first principles!

9A
If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
You need to be able to 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
differentiate and Follow the pattern you
𝑑𝑦 have learned!
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
a) Find given that:

𝑦 =3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
The constant will
𝑑𝑦 multiply the
b) Find given that: =3 × ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) differentiated term
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Simplify
=6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9A
If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
You need to be able to 𝑦 =3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥
differentiate and Differentiate each
𝑑𝑦 term separately
=¿
𝑑𝑥 −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
Find given that:

Be careful – when differentiating cos,

the answer becomes negative!

 Remember that a constant

will cause the
differentiated term to be
multiplied by it!

9A
 If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
You need to be able to 2
Differentiate each separately –
differentiate and be careful with the negatives!
𝑑𝑦 1
=¿ +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
A curve has equation:
The stationary points will be where

1
0= +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
2 Subtract
Find the stationary points on the 1
− =2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
curve in the interval . 2
Divide by 2
1
− =𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
 Set the range for the equation 4
Inverse sine
we are solving:
− 0 .253=2 𝑥

0≤2 𝑥≤2 𝜋
We need to find all values in the range
we are working with…

9A
 If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
Use a sketch if it helps –
You need to be able to 2 𝑥=−0 .253 remember you can also use to
differentiate and get started!
y

A curve has equation: − 0 .253 3 . 394 6 . 030

x
−
1
4 𝑦 =𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥

2 𝑥=3 . 394, 6 . 030

Find the stationary points on the Divide all by
curve in the interval . 𝑥=1 .70, 3 . 02 2

 Set the range for the equation

we are solving:

0≤2 𝑥≤2 𝜋

9A
 If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
You need to be able to 𝑥=1 .70, 3 . 02
differentiate and
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
A curve has equation: 2
𝑥=1 .70 𝑥=3 . 02
1 1
𝑦 = (1. 70)−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(1 . 70) 𝑦 = (3 . 02)− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (3 . 02)
2 2

Find the stationary points on the 𝑦 =1 . 82 𝑦 =0 .539

curve in the interval .
So the coordinates of the stationary
 Set the range for the equation points are:
we are solving:
(1.70, 1.82) and (3.02, 0.539)
0≤2 𝑥≤2 𝜋

9A
 If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate and 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2
A curve has equation:

Find the stationary points on the

curve in the interval .

 Set the range for the equation

we are solving:

0≤2 𝑥≤2 𝜋
(1.70, 1.82) and (3.02,
0.539)
9A
If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate and 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2

9A
Teachings for
Exercise 9B
 Differentiation
• Let’s start by looking at two graphs on a set of axes

𝑥
𝑦 =𝑒 −1
𝑦 =𝑥
What do you
notice about
these as ?

9B
 Differentiation
• Let’s start by looking at two graphs on a set of axes

𝑥
𝑦 =𝑒 −1
𝑦 =𝑥
What do you
notice about
these as ?

Let’s zoom in
further…

As , and tend towards being equal!

9B
 Differentiation
As , and tend towards being equal!

𝑥
As , 𝑒 −1 → 𝑥
Divide both
𝑥
𝑒 −1 sides by x
→1
𝑥

As , 1

9B
 As , 1

Differentiation
𝑥
𝑦 =𝑒
From first
𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 𝑥
Note: Using (‘a 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −𝑒 principles
small change in =¿lim
x’) is the same
as using …
𝑑𝑥 𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 The added powers
come from
𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 multiplying 2 terms
=¿lim
𝑑𝑥 𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 Factorise the

𝑒 𝑒 −1 )
(
𝑥 𝛿𝑥 numerator
𝑑𝑦
=¿lim
𝑑𝑥 𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥
As , 1
𝑑𝑦
=¿𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9B
 Differentiation
If: If:

Then: Then:

You will see a proof of this

result later in the chapter!

9B
If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation If:
Then:

Let: 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛𝑥
Inverse Logarithm
𝑦
𝑥=𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Differentiate
=𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑒
Earlier we said
𝑑𝑦 1 that
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
9B
If: If:
Then: Then:

Differentiation If:
Then:
𝑥
𝑦 =𝑎 Take natural logs of both
𝑙𝑛 𝑦=𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑥 sides
Use the power
𝑙𝑛 𝑦=𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 law
Rewrite using inverse logs
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑦 =𝑒 Differentiate using the rule
𝑑𝑦 above (remember is a
=( 𝑙𝑛𝑎) 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 constant)
𝑑𝑥
We can replace using a previous step
𝑑𝑦
=( 𝑙𝑛𝑎 ) 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
We can then replace using a previous
𝑑𝑦
=( 𝑙𝑛𝑎 ) 𝑎 𝑥 step
𝑑𝑥
Rewrit
𝑑𝑦
=𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 e
𝑑𝑥

9B
If: If: Then: If:
Then: Then:

If: Differentiation If:

Then: Then:

If: If:
Then: Then:

You will see a proof of this

result later in the chapter!

9B
If: If: Then: If:
Then: Then:

If: Differentiation If:

Then: Then:

You need to be able to

differentiate the exponential 𝑦 =𝑒
3𝑥
+2
3𝑥
and natural logarithm Differentiate each
functions term separately
𝑑𝑦 using the laws
=¿ 3 𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑒 +2 3 𝑙𝑛 2 above…
Find given that:

9B
If: If: Then: If:
Then: Then:

If: Differentiation If:

Then: Then:

You need to be able to

differentiate the exponential 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑛 7 𝑥
3
and natural logarithm
functions Use the power law
𝑦 =3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 7 𝑥
Find given that: Use the
addition law
𝑦 =3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 7+𝑙𝑛𝑥
Collect like
terms
𝑦 =4 𝑙𝑛𝑥 +𝑙𝑛 7
Differentiate each term using
the laws above
𝑑𝑦 4
=¿  Remember that is just a
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 number, so will ‘disappear’

9B
If: If: Then: If:
Then: Then:

If: Differentiation If:

Then: Then:

You need to be able to 2 −3 𝑒

7𝑥

differentiate the exponential 𝑦= 3𝑥

4𝑒 Separate into
and natural logarithm
functions 2 3𝑒
7𝑥 two fractions
𝑦= 3𝑥
− 3𝑥
4𝑒 4𝑒
Simplify/rewrite for
1 −3 𝑥 3 4 𝑥 differentiation
Find given that: 𝑦= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 4
Differentiate each term
𝑑𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 using the laws above
=¿− 𝑒 −3 𝑒 4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

9B
Teachings for
Exercise 9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
You need to be able to = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
differentiate using the chain
rule This is true since the terms would cancel out…

The chain rule is a way of writing

a differential as the product of
two different differentials

This will allow you to differentiate

increasingly complex functions,
and will also be used to prove
some of the results you have
seen so far…

9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation
We can now use 𝑦 =( 3 𝑥 + 𝑥 )
4 5

this to find both

You need to be able to and
differentiate using the chain Let
rule
We can write as a We have as a
function of function of

Given that , find using the chain 5

𝑦 =𝑢 𝑢=3 𝑥 + 𝑥
4
rule.
Differentiate Differentiate
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 =5 𝑢
4 3
=12 𝑥 +1
= × 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Now replace these in the chain rule…
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Replace each part
with the
The function we create We need a new function ‘’, 𝑑𝑦 expressions we
=¿ 4 3
using , must then be used which a function of 𝑑𝑥 5 𝑢 × (12 𝑥 +1) found
The terms can be
to eliminate all the terms
written together
in our current function  This means it would be 𝑑𝑦 4 3
written as ‘…’ , with the =5 𝑢 (12 𝑥 +1)
𝑑𝑥 Replace
 If it does not, then we right hand side being all with the
cannot find terms in 𝑑𝑦 4 expression
=5 ( 3 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) (12 𝑥 + 1)
4 3
from before
𝑑𝑥
9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation 4
𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 =(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )4
You need to be able to Let
differentiate using the chain
rule We can write as a
function of
We have as a
function of

𝑦 =𝑢
4
𝑢=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Given that , find Differentiate
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 Differentiate
=4 𝑢3 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Now replace these in the chain rule…

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Replace each part with
the expressions we
𝑑𝑦
=¿ 4 𝑢3×𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 found
𝑑𝑥
The second term can
𝑑𝑦 be written in a bracket
=4 𝑢3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Replace with the
𝑑𝑦 expression from before
3
=4 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Simplify if possible
𝑑𝑦
=4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate using the chain
rule

As a general rule, using the

alternative notation for
functions…
If If

Then Then

Differentiate the Then multiply by the Differentiate the Then multiply by the
bracketed part using derivative of the entire term as a derivative of
the ‘normal’ pattern bracketed part whole

9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 If Then If
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Then

Differentiation
1
𝑦 =( 5 𝑥 +1 )
2 2
You need to be able to
differentiate using the chain Differentiate
rule using the rule
𝑑𝑦 1 −
1
above
=¿ ( 5 𝑥 +1 ) 2(10 𝑥)
2
𝑑𝑥 2
Given that , find the gradient of Simplify
the curve at . 𝑑𝑦 −
1
=¿ 5 𝑥 ( 5 𝑥 2 +1 ) 2
𝑑𝑥

 Start by writing the function in To find the gradient at the coordinate

a differentiatable form: indicated, substitute in the x-value
1
𝑦 =( 5 𝑥 +1 )
2 2
1
𝑑𝑦 −
=5 𝑥 ( 5 𝑥 +1 )
2 2
𝑑𝑥
Sub in
1
𝑑𝑦 −
=5( 4) ( 5 ( 4)2 +1 ) 2
𝑑𝑥
Simplify
𝑑𝑦 20
=
𝑑𝑥 9

9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 If Then If
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Then
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
You need to be able to × =1
differentiate using the chain 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Divide both sides by
rule
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
There is one final rule that you 𝑑𝑦
can use (which you saw in the
previous section)
Sometimes it is easier to differentiate in terms of
instead

 Note that this will give you the gradient function,

but in terms of the y-coordinate instead of the x-
coordinate!

9C
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 If Then If
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Then
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
3
You need to be able to 𝑥= 𝑦 + 𝑦
Differentiate using
differentiate using the chain
rule 𝑑𝑥 2 normal rules
=3 𝑦 +1
𝑑𝑦
‘Invert’ both sides
Find the value of at the point on 𝑑𝑦 1
=
the curve with equation 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑦 2 +1
Sub in the y-
coordinate
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 3 (1)2 +1
Calculat
𝑑𝑦 1 e
=
𝑑𝑥 4

9C
 Differentiation
We can use the chain rule 𝑛
to prove some of the rules 𝑦 =( 𝑓 ( 𝑥) )
you have seen so far…
Let
Proof of:
𝑛
If 𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑢
Differentiate
Differentiate
Then 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑛 −1
= 𝑓 ′(𝑥) =𝑛𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Replace each
differential
𝑑𝑦
=¿𝑛𝑢𝑛 −1
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Replace u
𝑑𝑦
=¿𝑛 ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) )𝑛𝑓−1′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
9C
 Differentiation
Proof of:
𝑓 (𝑥 )
If 𝑦 =𝑒
Then
Let

𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑒
𝑢

Differentiate Differentiate (we know

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑢 this result from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values
=¿
𝑒 𝑓
𝑢
′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
=¿
𝑒 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
9C
 Differentiation
Proof of:
If 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
Then
Let

𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
Differentiate Differentiate (we know
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 this result from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
=¿
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
=¿ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓 (𝑥)
9C
 Differentiation
Proof of:
If 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⁡𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
Then
Let

𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
Differentiate Differentiate (we know
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 this result from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values

𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
=¿ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
=¿ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓 (𝑥)
9C
Teachings for
Exercise 9D
 Differentiation
• The product rule is used when we have 2 functions
multiplied together. For example:

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑢𝑣 (where and are

both functions of )

• Don’t confuse this with the chain rule, where we have a

function of a function
𝑦 = 𝑓 [ 𝑔 ( 𝑥) ]
• You also should hopefully remember this!

If: 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑓( 𝑥( 𝑥+
+ 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥) −
) −𝑓 𝑓(𝑥
(𝑥)
)
Then:𝑓 ′(𝑥=
)=lim
lim
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝛿
𝑥→𝑥 →0
0 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥
9D
 Differentiation
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )= lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 The two functions are
𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥) multiplied together. So
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )= lim are any changes to
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 𝑓 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥)− 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 (𝑥) them.
( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 )= lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 Subtract and
add
𝑓 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥 )− 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)
( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 )= lim
𝛿𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥 →0
Write as
2
 Represents the two fractions
𝑓 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥+) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)− 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 (𝑥)
multiplied functions ( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 )=¿lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 Factorise
using
square
( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 ) ( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 )=¿lim
) ] ( 𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ]
𝑓 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) [ 𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥+𝑔 brackets
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
 Represents the Some of these
differential of the two are differentials!
multiplied functions ( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 )=¿lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ (𝑥)
+𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝛿 𝑥 →0
As tends towards 0,

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔′ (𝑥)
( 𝑓𝑔)′(𝑥 )=¿ +𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

9D
 Differentiation

If: If:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ (𝑥)+𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

( and are both

functions of )

You can use either of these notations!

 You do not get given this on exams…

9D
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ (𝑥)+𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Differentiation 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 =√ 3 𝑥 −1
2
𝑢= 𝑥
Rewrite as a
You need to be able to use Differentiate
power
𝑑𝑢 1
the product rule to =2 𝑥 𝑣 =( 3 𝑥 − 1 )
2
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate
differentiate functions which using the
are multiplied together
1
𝑑𝑣 1 −
chain rule
= ( 3 𝑥 − 1 ) 2( 3 )
𝑑𝑥 2
1 Simplify
𝑑𝑣 3 −

Given that , find . = ( 3 𝑥 −1 ) 2

𝑑𝑥 2

 Now we can replace all terms in the

 You need to be able to recognize product rule…
that this is two separate functions
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
multiplied together =𝑢 +𝑣 Sub in
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 A good starting point is to write the expressions
𝑑𝑦
( )
1 1
from above
3
+¿
−
functions out separately (as and ), (
=¿𝑥 2
) 2
) 2 𝑥)
( 3 𝑥 −1 ) ( 3 𝑥 − 1(2
and then differentiate both 𝑑𝑥 2
Simplify
𝑑 𝑦 3 𝑥2 −
1 1
 This will give you all the =¿ 2 ( 3 𝑥 − 1 ) +2 𝑥 ( 3 𝑥 −1 ) 2
2

information you need to then use 𝑑𝑥

the product rule…  We can do some rearranging here (it would be
good for you to practice this as it can help
simplify expressions!
9D
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ (𝑥)+𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Differentiation 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
You need to be able to use 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥 2 −
= ( 3 𝑥 −1 ) 2 + 2 𝑥 ( 3 𝑥 − 1 ) 2
the product rule to 𝑑𝑥 2 Write each term
differentiate functions which as a
2
are multiplied together 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥 1 multiplication
𝑑𝑥
=¿ × +2 𝑥 × √ 3 𝑥 − 1
2 √3 𝑥 − 1 Combine each
pair of multiplied
Given that , find . 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥
2 terms

𝑑𝑥
=¿ +2 𝑥 √ 3 𝑥 −1
2 √3 𝑥 − 1 Multiply the right
hand term by
 We are going to write this as a 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥
2
+4 𝑥 √ 3 𝑥 −1 √ 3 𝑥 −1
single fraction with a common =¿
𝑑𝑥 2 √3 𝑥 − 1 2 √ 3 𝑥 −1 Combine terms –
denominator
the two square
2
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 (3 𝑥 −1) roots will cancel out
=¿
𝑑𝑥 2 √ 3 𝑥 −1 Expand and simplify
2 the numerator
𝑑𝑦 15 𝑥 −4 𝑥
=¿
𝑑𝑥 2 √ 3 𝑥 −1 Factorise the
numerator
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 (15 𝑥 − 4)
=¿
𝑑𝑥 2 √ 3 𝑥 −1

9D
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ (𝑥)+𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Differentiation 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥 2
𝑢=𝑒 𝑣 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥
Rewrite as a
You need to be able to use Differentiate
power
𝑑𝑢
the product rule to =4 𝑒 4 𝑥 𝑣 =( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate
differentiate functions which using the
are multiplied together 𝑑𝑣 1
( )
=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 ( 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 ) chain rule
𝑑𝑥
Simplify
𝑑𝑣
=6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
Given that , show that , where 𝑑𝑥
and are constants to be found.  Now we can replace all terms in the
product rule…
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣 Sub in
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Compare what we have with expressions
𝑑𝑦 from above
what we are aiming for – notice
that has been factorised out? 𝑑𝑥 (
=¿𝑒 (
4𝑥
6 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 ( ) +¿
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
( )
4
2
𝑒
4𝑥
)
Simplify
𝑑𝑦
=¿6 𝑒4 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 4𝑥
𝑥 4 𝑒 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 )
2
𝑑𝑥 Factorise out
𝑑𝑦 the part
=¿𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (6 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥)
4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9D
Teachings for
Exercise 9E
 Differentiation
• The quotient rule is used when we have one function
divided by another. For example:

𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑢 (where and are both

𝑦= 𝑦= functions of )
𝑔 ( 𝑥) 𝑣

9E
 Differentiation
𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )= lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 The two functions are
divided together. So are
𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥) any changes to them.
−
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )= lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 (𝑔)
𝑓
′ ( 𝑥)= lim
𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥)
𝛿𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥
Multiply all terms by
𝑓 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥)𝑔( 𝑥 )𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 )
𝑓 ( 𝑥) −

𝑔 ( 𝑥) ( )
𝑓
𝑔
′ (𝑥)= lim
𝛿𝑥 →0
𝑔( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥 )𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
𝑔( 𝑥 )
Simplify fractions
on the numerator
 Represents the two
divided functions ()
𝑓
𝑔
′ (𝑥)= lim
𝛿𝑥 →0
𝑓 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 )
𝑔(𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
Subtract and add

( )
𝑓
𝑔
′ ( 𝑥)
()
𝑓
𝑔
′ (𝑥)= lim
𝛿𝑥 →0
𝑓 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 )
𝑔(𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥 (terms swapped
around, and swapped
Write as 2 separate
fractions, the first
sign)
 Represents the subtract the second
differential of divided
by
( )
𝑓
𝑔
′ (𝑥)=¿
lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0
𝑓 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
𝑔 (𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
−
𝑔 ( 𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
Factorise the
numerators
𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥) ] 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) [ 𝑔 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) −𝑔 ( 𝑥) ]
( )
𝑓
𝑔
′ (𝑥)=¿lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
−
𝑔( 𝑥) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥

9E
 Differentiation
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ( )
𝑓
𝑔
′ (𝑥)=¿
lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0
𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥) ] 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) [ 𝑔 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) −𝑔 ( 𝑥) ]
𝑔(𝑥 )𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
−
𝑔( 𝑥) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 + 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥
Some of these are
differentials
𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )= lim
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥 ( )
𝑔
′ (𝑥)=¿
lim
𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′(𝑥)
−
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥) 𝑔 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 )
Write as a
single fraction

( )
′
𝑓 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ (𝑥)
′ (𝑥)=¿
lim
𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑔 𝛿 𝑥 →0 𝑔(𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥 ) As tends towards 0,
𝑔 ( 𝑥)
 Represents the two ( )
𝑓
𝑔
𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′(𝑥 )
′ (𝑥)=¿
𝑔 (𝑥)𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
divided functions Rewrite the
denominator
( )
′
𝑓 𝑔 ( 𝑥) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥 )

( )
𝑓
𝑔
′ ( 𝑥) 𝑔
′ (𝑥)=¿
[ 𝑔( 𝑥 ) ]
2

 Represents the
differential of divided
by

9E
 Differentiation
• The quotient rule is as follows:

If: If:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢 ′
𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ]
2

( and are both

functions of )

9E
Differentiation

This is what you get given

in the formula booklet!

9E
 If: If:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ′
𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
Differentiation
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
= 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ]
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 =2 𝑥 +5
You need to be able to 𝑑𝑢
Differentiate
𝑑𝑣
Differentiate
differentiate functions using 𝑑𝑥
=1
𝑑𝑥
=2
the quotient rule
 Now we can replace all terms in the
Given that , find quotient rule…
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 As with the product rule, a =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

good start is to summarise Sub in expressions

and , and find their 𝑑𝑦 ( 2 𝑥+5 from above
derivatives =¿ (1) −) ( 𝑥
(2
2
) )
𝑑𝑥 (2 𝑥+5)
 The numerator should be , Simplify
𝑑𝑦 5
and the denominator =
should be 𝑑𝑥 (2 𝑥+5)2

9E
 If: If:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ′
𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
Differentiation
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
= 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ]
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑢=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑣 =𝑒
2𝑥

You need to be able to Differentiate

𝑑𝑣
Differentiate
𝑑𝑢 2𝑥
differentiate functions using =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=2𝑒
𝑑𝑥
the quotient rule
 Now we can replace all terms in the
A curve has equation . quotient rule…
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
The curve has a stationary point 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2
Sub in expressions
at . Find the coordinates of , to 3 2𝑥 2𝑥
significant figures.
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒
=¿ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
) −(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
(2 𝑒 ) from above

𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑒2 𝑥 ) 2
Expand brackets
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −2 𝑒 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑒4 𝑥
Divide all by
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑒
2𝑥

Now we have the expression for , we need to

set it equal to 0 to calculate the stationary
point
9E
 If: If:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ′
𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
Differentiation
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
= 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ]
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
You need to be able to =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒
2𝑥
differentiate functions using Set equal to 0
the quotient rule 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
0=
𝑒2 𝑥
Multiply by
A curve has equation . 0=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Add
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Divide by (which cannot be 0, as then would
The curve has a stationary point also have to be 0, which is not possible)
at . Find the coordinates of , to 3 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥=1
significant figures. Divide by
1 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥=
2
Inverse
𝑥=0 . 464
Check for other values within the range (in this
case this is the only one)

9E
 If: If:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ′
𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
Differentiation
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
= 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ]
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

You need to be able to 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑦=
differentiate functions using 𝑒
2𝑥
Sub in the exact
the quotient rule value of
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡( 0 . 464)
𝑦= 2(0 . 464)
𝑒
Calculate
A curve has equation .
𝑦 =0 .177
The curve has a stationary point So the coordinates of P are (0.464, 0.177)
at . Find the coordinates of , to 3
significant figures.

𝑥=0 . 464

9E
Teachings for
Exercise 9F
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If: , then 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑢=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑣 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
You need to be able to apply Differentiate
𝑑𝑣
Differentiate
𝑑𝑢
to the results you have learnt =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
to the remaining
trigonometric functions  Now we can replace all terms in the
quotient rule…
Given that , find . 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
 We can rewrite as , and 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

Sub in values
then use the quotient
rule… 𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) −(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
2
Expand
brackets on
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 the
= numerator
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 The top can be replaced
𝑑𝑦 1 since
=
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Rewrit
𝑑𝑦 2 e
=𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9F
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If: , then 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

If: , then

𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 ⁡𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
But what about
if tan was of a Let
function of x?
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
Differentiate Differentiate (we know
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2 this result from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values

𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
=¿𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑢
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
=¿
𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 If: If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

1
𝑦=
You need to be able to apply 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
to the results you have learnt Write as a power
−1
to the remaining 𝑦 =(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
Differentiate using the
trigonometric functions 𝑑𝑦 chain rule
−2
=−(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Rewrite as fractions
Given that , find . 𝑑𝑦 1
=− ×𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
 We can rewrite as , and Separate the sin terms
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
then use the chain rule =− ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Rewrite both
𝑑𝑦
=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9F
 If: If: , then If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ⁡𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
But what about
if cosec was of a Let
function of x?
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 Differentiate (we
Differentiate know this result
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢
=¿ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
=¿
𝑑𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓 (𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If: , then 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

1
𝑦=
You need to be able to apply 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
to the results you have learnt Write as a power
−1
to the remaining 𝑦 =(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 )
Differentiate using the
trigonometric functions 𝑑𝑦 chain rule
−2
=−(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Rewrite as fractions
Given that , find . 𝑑𝑦 1
= × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
 We can rewrite as , and Separate the cos terms
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
then use the chain rule = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Rewrite both
𝑑𝑦
=𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9F
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If: , then 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

If: , then

But what about

𝑦 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 ⁡𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
if sec was of a
Let
function of x?
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 Differentiate (we
Differentiate know this result
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values
=¿𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓 (𝑥)
=¿ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
 If: If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

1
𝑦=
You need to be able to apply 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
to the results you have learnt Write as a power
−1
to the remaining 𝑦 =(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )
Differentiate using the
trigonometric functions 𝑑𝑦 chain rule
−2
=−(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Rewrite as fractions
( )
−2
Given that , find . 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
=− ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
 We can rewrite as , and 2 Rewrite the first term
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1
then use the chain rule =− ×
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
The terms will cancel
𝑑𝑦 1 out
=−
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Rewrite
𝑑𝑦
=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9F
 If: If: , then If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

But what about

𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
if cot was of a
function of x? Let

𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 Differentiate (we

Differentiate know this result
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2 from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 values
=¿ 2
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
=¿
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

You need to be able to apply

to the results you have learnt
to the remaining
trigonometric functions

You need to know the

derivatives of sine and
cosine, but the rest you
are given in the formula
booklet!

9F
 If: If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥
You need to be able to apply 𝑑𝑢
Differentiate Differentiate
𝑑𝑣
to the results you have learnt 𝑑𝑥
=1
𝑑𝑥
2
=2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
to the remaining
trigonometric functions  Now we can replace all terms in the
product rule…
Differentiate: 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sub in
expressions
𝑑𝑦 from above
=( 𝑥 ) ( 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) +(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 )(1)
2
 You need to use the
product rule here! 𝑑𝑥
Simplify
𝑑𝑦 2
=2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9F
 If: If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

4
𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
You need to be able to apply Write as a power
4
to the results you have learnt 𝑦 =(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
Differentiate
to the remaining 𝑑𝑦 3 using the chain
trigonometric functions =4 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥()𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑥) rule
𝑑𝑥
Simplify
𝑑𝑦 3 2
=4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
Differentiate: 𝑑𝑥

 You need to use the

chain rule here!

9F
 If: If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑣 =𝑥
2

You need to be able to apply Differentiate Differentiate

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
to the results you have learnt =−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 =2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
to the remaining
trigonometric functions  Now we can replace all terms in the
quotient rule…
Differentiate: 𝑣
𝑑𝑢
−𝑢
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2
Sub in values
using the
𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑥 ) ( −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 ) −(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(2 𝑥)
2
expressions above
 You need to use the =
𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥2)
2

quotient rule here! Expand bracket

on the
𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 −2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 numerator
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 Divide all by
𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3
Factorise on the
numerator
𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 +1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3

9F
 If: If: , then If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

3
You need to be able to apply 𝑦 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
to the results you have learnt Rewrite
to the remaining 3
𝑦 =(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
trigonometric functions Differentiate using
𝑑𝑦 2 the chain rule
=3( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate: Simplify
𝑑𝑦 3
=3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

 You need to use the

chain rule here!

9F
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
You need to be able to apply Sin of both sides
to the results you have learnt 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦=𝑥
Rewrite
to the remaining 𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
trigonometric functions Differentiate using
𝑑𝑥 known patterns
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Invert
Show that if then 𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

Since
We are now going to consider an identity we
learnt a while ago…
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ≡ 1
Subtract
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ≡1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
Since ,
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 =1− 𝑥
Square root both
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦= √ 1− 𝑥 2
sides

9F
 If: If:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 −𝑢

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2

You need to be able to apply

to the results you have learnt
to the remaining
trigonometric functions

These are given in the

formula booklet, although
they are in the Further
Maths section!

9F
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =− =
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥
2 2

Differentiation
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
You need to be able to apply Let
to the results you have learnt
to the remaining We can write as a We have as a
function of function of
trigonometric functions
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑢= 𝑥2
Differentiate
Given , find . 𝑑𝑦 1
using the Differentiate
= pattern 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 √ 1 −𝑢 2 above =2 𝑥
 You need to use the 𝑑𝑥
chain rule here!
Now replace these in the chain rule…
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Replace each part with
the expressions we
𝑑𝑦 1 found
=¿
𝑑𝑥 √ 1−𝑢 2 ×2 𝑥
Combine terms
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 −𝑢 2
Replace with the
expression from before
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 4

9F
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =− =
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥
2 2

Differentiation
You need to be able to apply
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 1− 𝑥
1+ 𝑥 )
to the results you have learnt
to the remaining
trigonometric functions
Let𝑢= ( 1−𝑥
1+ 𝑥 )
We can write as a We have as a
function of function of
Given , find .
 You need to use the
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
Differentiate
using the
𝑢= ( 1−𝑥
1+ 𝑥 ) Differentiate
(we will need
to use the
chain rule and the 𝑑𝑦 1 pattern quotient
= rule…
quotient rule here! 𝑑𝑢 1+ 𝑢2 above

9F
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =− =
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥
2 2

Differentiation
You need to be able to apply
𝑢= ( 1−𝑥
1+ 𝑥 )
to the results you have learnt Using the quotient rule (I will use the and
to the remaining notation, since the letter is already being used!)
trigonometric functions
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =1− 𝑥 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=1+ 𝑥
Differentiate Differentiate
′
Given , find . ′
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=− 1 𝑔 (𝑥 )=1

 You need to use the  Sub into the quotient rule…

chain rule and the
′
quotient rule here! 𝑑 𝑢 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ′ ( 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑔 ( 𝑥 ))
2 Sub in
expressions
𝑑 𝑢 (1+ 𝑥 ) ( −1 ) −(1 − 𝑥) (1) from above
=
𝑑𝑥 (1+ 𝑥)2 Expand
brackets
𝑑 𝑢 − 1− 𝑥 −1+ 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1+ 𝑥)
2
Simplify
numerator
𝑑𝑢 −2
=
𝑑𝑥 (1+ 𝑥)2
9F
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =− =
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥
2 2

Differentiation
You need to be able to apply
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 1− 𝑥
1+ 𝑥 )
to the results you have learnt
to the remaining
trigonometric functions
Let𝑢= ( 1−𝑥
1+ 𝑥 )
We can write as a We have as a
function of function of
Given , find .
 You need to use the
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
Differentiate
using the
𝑢= ( 1−𝑥
1+ 𝑥 ) Differentiate
(we will need
to use the
chain rule and the 𝑑𝑦 1 pattern 𝑑𝑢 −2 quotient
quotient rule here!
=
𝑑𝑢 1+ 𝑢2 = rule…
above
𝑑𝑥 (1+ 𝑥) 2

 Now we can substitute these into the chain rule…

9F
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =− =
𝑑𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥
2 2

Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
You need to be able to apply 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Replace each part with
to the results you have learnt 𝑑𝑦 1 −2 the expressions we found
to the remaining =¿ ×
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 ( 1+ 𝑥 )2
trigonometric functions Combine into a
𝑑𝑦 −2 single fraction
=¿
𝑑𝑥 ( 1+𝑢2 ) (1+ 𝑥)2
Replace with the
Given , find . 𝑑𝑦 −2 expression in
=

( ( ))
 You need to use the 𝑑𝑥 1− 𝑥
2
2
1+ (1+ 𝑥) Square numerator
chain rule and the 1+ 𝑥
and denominator
quotient rule here! 𝑑𝑦 −2
=

( )
𝑑𝑥 ( 1− 𝑥 )2

( 1−𝑥
)
2
1+ (1+ 𝑥) Expand the larger
𝑢=
2
( 1+ 𝑥 )
bracket
1+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −2
=
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑥 (1+ 𝑥)2 + ( 1 − 𝑥 )2
=
𝑑𝑢 1+ 𝑢2 = Expand both
𝑑𝑥 (1+ 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑦 −2 squared brackets
=
𝑑𝑥 1+ 2 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +1 −2 𝑥+ 𝑥 2
Group up terms
and then simplify
𝑑𝑦 −2 −1
= ¿2
𝑑𝑥 2+ 2 𝑥 1+ 𝑥2
9F
Teachings for
Exercise 9G
 Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate functions which
are given parametrically

If and are given as functions of ,

then:

 You can see from the division

above, that the -terms on the
right side will cancel out,
leaving

 You will then get a gradient

function in terms of the
parameter (instead of or )

9G
 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

2
You need to be able to
3
𝑥=𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡 + 1
differentiate functions which Differentiate Differentiate
are given parametrically 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2
=3 𝑡 +1 =2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Find the gradient at the point

where , on the curve given Now you can substitute these into the
parametrically by: formula from above…

𝑑𝑦
, , 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 Sub in values
𝑑𝑦 2𝑡
= 2
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑡 +1
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 2(2)
=
𝑑𝑥 3 (2)2 +1
Calculate
𝑑𝑦
=13
𝑑𝑥

9G
 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

You need to be able to 𝑥=3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

differentiate functions which Differentiate Differentiate
are given parametrically 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =− 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Find the equation of the normal at

the point , where , to the curve with Now you can substitute these into the
parametric equations and . formula from above (using instead of )

𝑑𝑦
 First, we need to find the gradient 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜃
of the curve at the given point, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑑𝜃 Sub in values
𝑑𝑦 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
3 √3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑚= Sub in
5
𝑑𝑦
=
− 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 6 )
𝜋

3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
6 )
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
Gradient of
Calculate
the normal
𝑑𝑦 − 5
=
𝑑𝑥 3 √ 3

9G
 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

You need to be able to  Now, we need to find the coordinate at the given
differentiate functions which point, by substituting into the equations for and …
are given parametrically
𝑥=3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Find the equation of the normal at Sub in Sub in
the point , where , to the curve with
parametric equations and .
𝑥=3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋
6
𝑦 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
𝜋
6
Calculate Calculate
𝑦= √
3 5 3
𝑥=
2 2
 First, we need to find the gradient
of the curve at the given point,
where

𝑚=
3 √3
5 ( 3 5 √3
,
2 2 )

9G
 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=

Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

You need to be able to 𝑦 − 𝑦 1=𝑚 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

differentiate functions which Sub in the gradient
are given parametrically
5 √ 3 3 √3
( 3
)
and coordinate
𝑦− = 𝑥−
2 5 2
Find the equation of the normal at Expand bracket
the point , where , to the curve with 5 √ 3 3 𝑥 √3 9 √ 3
parametric equations and . 𝑦− = −
2 5 10
Make the fractions have
the same denominator
25 √ 3 6 𝑥 √ 3 9 √3
𝑚= √
3 3
5 ( 3 5 √3
,
2 2 ) 𝑦−
10
=
10
−
10
Multiply every term by
10
 Finally we can use a relationship 10 𝑦 − 25 √ 3=6 𝑥 √ 3 −9 √3
learnt in Year 12… Add to both sides
10 𝑦 =6 𝑥 √3 +16 √ 3
Divide by 2

5 𝑦 =3 𝑥 √ 3 +8 √ 3

9G
Teachings for
Exercise 9H
 Differentiation
𝑦 =𝑥2
You need to be able to Follow the usual pattern
differentiate functions 𝑑𝑦 for differentiation
implicitly, without needing to =2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
rearrange them
In reality, there is an extra step in this process
We are going to start by revisiting  It is important that you understand this step as it
and clarifying some of the will help you understand the process of implicit
notation that is used for differentiation more clearly
differentiation, as well as seeing
the way things might be written 𝑦 =𝑥2 A small change in divided by a small
in this section… change in , will be the same as a small
change in divided by a small change in
𝑑 𝑑 (𝑦 ) 𝑑 ( 𝑥)2
(𝑦) =¿ We can work out the right side
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (essentially, we can only follow the
pattern if the term we differentiate is the
𝑑𝑦 same as the term we are differentiating
Note that the left =¿ 2 𝑥 ‘with respect to’
side can also be 𝑑𝑥
written as…  The left side we leave as it is

So really, if we are differentiating with

respect to , we can only ‘work out’ the -
terms
9H
 Differentiation
3 2
You need to be able to 𝑦 =3 𝑥 Differentiate both
differentiate functions sides with respect to
implicitly, without needing to 𝑑 3 𝑑 2
rearrange them ( 𝑦 )=¿ (3 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 The right side we can work out since
the terms are in , and we
𝑑 3 differentiated with respect to
Differentiate the following 𝑑𝑥 6𝑥
( 𝑦 )=¿
On the left side, we can
equation implicitly: rewrite (effectively using the
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦 chain rule)
𝑑𝑦
( 𝑦× ¿6 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
Now since the differential is with respect
to , we can follow the standard pattern…
2 𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 =6 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Using implicit differentiation, Divide both
you do not need to rearrange sides by
𝑑𝑦 6 𝑥
anything first… =
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑦 2
So we have a formula for the gradient of the curve, but
in this case it is in terms of both and

 Sometimes a single coordinate is not enough to

determine the gradient…

9H
 Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate functions
𝑑
𝑓 ( 𝑦)
implicitly, without needing to 𝑑𝑥  Differentiate the term
rearrange them  Multiply by
𝑑𝑦
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
As a general rule, to differentiate
a term with respect to , you
should differentiate as normal,
and multiply it by

9H
 𝑑
𝑓 ( 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Differentiation
You need to be able to
differentiate functions
implicitly, without needing to
rearrange them

Below is a sketch of the circle

with equation , , .
Find the gradient of the curve
where
𝑦
5
Notice that when , there are two possible
3 gradients

 These points have different -

-5 4 5
𝑥 coordinates, so that means that the
gradient function must also contain a
term in …
-3

-5
9H
 𝑑
𝑓 ( 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Differentiation
2 2
You need to be able to 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25
Differentiate each
differentiate functions
𝑑𝑦 term with respect to
implicitly, without needing to 2 𝑥+2 𝑦 =0
rearrange them 𝑑𝑥
Subtract
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 =−2 𝑥
Below is a sketch of the circle 𝑑𝑥
Divide by
with equation , , .
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Find the gradient of the curve
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
where Simplify
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=−
𝑥
5 𝑑𝑥 𝑦

-5 4 5
𝑥

-3

-5
9H
 𝑑
𝑓 ( 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
You need to be able to 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
differentiate functions The ‘higher’ The ‘lower’
implicitly, without needing to coordinate is (4,3) coordinate is (4,-3)
rearrange them
𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 4
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 −3
Below is a sketch of the circle
with equation , , . 𝑑𝑦 4
=
𝑑𝑥 3
Find the gradient of the curve
where
𝑦
5
4
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =−
3 3

-5 4 5
𝑥
4
-3 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
3
-5
9H
 𝑑
𝑓 ( 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Differentiation
3 3
You need to be able to
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 +3 𝑦=6 Differentiate each term
differentiate functions with respect to
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
implicitly, without needing to 3 𝑥 2+ 1+3 𝑦 2 +3 =0
rearrange them 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Subtract 1 and
subtract
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
3𝑦 +3 =− 1− 3 𝑥
Find in terms of and when:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Factorise left
𝑑𝑦 side
( 3 𝑦 2 +3 ) =− 1− 3 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Divide by
2
𝑑𝑦 − 1− 3 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑦 2 +3

9H
 𝑑 If: 𝑑𝑦
=𝑢
𝑑𝑣
+𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Differentiation If: 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑣
2

2
26𝑥
You need to be able to 4 𝑥𝑦 + =10
differentiate functions 𝑦
implicitly, without needing to
rearrange them Use the product rule for this term
2
𝑢=4 𝑥 Differentiate 𝑣 =𝑦 Differentiate
Given that , find the value of at 𝑑𝑢 (with 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 (with
the point (1,1) =4 respect to ) 𝑑𝑥 =2 𝑦 respect to )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 In this question you have two Substitute these expressions into the
functions multiplied in the first product rule
term, and a division of functions 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
in the second term =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sub in
expressions
( )
 This means that you will need to 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
apply your knowledge of the =(4 𝑥 ) 2 𝑦 +( 𝑦 2 )(4)
product and quotient rules as
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Simplify
well! 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 =8 𝑥𝑦 +4 𝑦
8 𝑥𝑦 +4 𝑦
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9H
 𝑑 If: 𝑑𝑦
=𝑢
𝑑𝑣
+𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Differentiation If: 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑣
2

2
6𝑥
2
You need to be able to 4 𝑥𝑦 + =10
differentiate functions 𝑦
implicitly, without needing to
Use the quotient rule for this term
rearrange them
𝑢=6 𝑥 2 Differentiate 𝑣 =𝑦 Differentiate
(with respect (with respect to )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Given that , find the value of at =12 𝑥 to ) =1
the point (1,1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute these expressions into the
 In this question you have two quotient rule
functions multiplied in the first 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
term, and a division of functions 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
in the second term 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2
Sub in
 This means that you will need to
apply your knowledge of the
𝑑𝑦
=
( 𝑦 )(12 𝑥) −( 6 𝑥 ) 1
𝑑𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑦 expressions
2

𝑑𝑥 (𝑦)
2
product and quotient rules as Simplify
well! 𝑑𝑦 terms
2 𝑑𝑦 12 𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 12 𝑥𝑦 −6 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
8 𝑥𝑦 +4 𝑦
2 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2

9H
 𝑑 If: 𝑑𝑦
=𝑢
𝑑𝑣
+𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Differentiation If: 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑣
2

2
6𝑥2
You need to be able to 4 𝑥𝑦 + =10
differentiate functions 𝑦 Differentiate with
implicitly, without needing to respect to , using
rearrange them 𝑑𝑦 the results we just
2
12 𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑥 obtained
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
8 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 2+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
2
Rather than
Given that , find the value of at rearranging, you
the point (1,1) can actually sub in
2 𝑑𝑦 the and values
12(1)(1)− 6( 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 now!
8 (1)(1) + 4 (1) 2+ =0
𝑑𝑥 (1)
2

Simplify
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8 + 4 +12 −6 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Collect like
terms
𝑑𝑦
2 +16=0
𝑑𝑥
Subtract 16,
𝑑𝑦 divide by 2
=−8
𝑑𝑥
9H
 𝑑 If: 𝑑𝑦
=𝑢
𝑑𝑣
+𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Differentiation If: 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑣
2

𝑢=𝑒 2 𝑥 Differentiate 𝑣 =𝑙 𝑛𝑦 Differentiate

You need to be able to 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥
(with 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑦 (with
=2 𝑒 respect to ) = respect to )
differentiate functions 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
implicitly, without needing to
rearrange them Substitute these expressions into the product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sub in
Find the value of at the point
expressions
(1,1), when: 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=(𝑒 2 𝑥 )
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥( )
+(𝑙𝑛𝑦 )(2 𝑒 2 𝑥 )
2𝑥 Simplify
𝑑 𝑦 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
= +2 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦
 Use the product rule to 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
differentiate the left side

2𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
+2 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥

9H
 𝑑 If: 𝑑𝑦
=𝑢
𝑑𝑣
+𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Differentiation If: 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
¿ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑣
2

2𝑥
You need to be able to 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦=𝑥 + 𝑦 +2 Differentiate each term
differentiate functions 2𝑥
with respect to , using
implicitly, without needing to 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 the expression we
+2 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 =1+ found
rearrange them 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sub in values now,
2(1) rather than rearranging
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 2(1) 𝑑𝑦
+2 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 ⁡(1)=1+ first
Find the value of at the point (1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Calculate/simplify
(1,1), when: terms ()
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 =1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Subtract
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 − =1
 Use the product rule to 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Factorise left side
differentiate the left side 𝑑𝑦 2
( 𝑒 − 1 ) =1
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 Divide by the bracket
+2 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −1

9H
Teachings for
Exercise 9I
 Differentiation
You need to be able to answer
questions based on concave
and convex functions

You might have heard of the terms ‘convex’ and ‘concave’ in science…

Convex Concave

In Maths, curves can be described as concave, convex, or in some cases both!

9I
 Differentiation
You need to be able to answer
questions based on concave
and convex functions

Convex function Concave function Some functions can

contain both convex
“A function where the “A function where the and concave sections…
line segment joining line segment joining
two points is above the two points is below the
function” function” Concave
Convex section
section
Convex – the line
segment is above
the curve

Concave – the line

segment is below
the curve

9I
 Differentiation
You need to be able to answer
questions based on concave
and convex functions
For a convex function, the gradient is
Convex function increasing

“A function where the  The rate of change of the gradient is

line segment joining positive (as in, the value is increasing)
two points is above the
function”  The rate of change of the gradient is given
by the differential of the gradient function
Convex – the line
segment is above
the curve
For a convex function, for all values of x in
the interval being considered

9I
 Differentiation
You need to be able to answer
questions based on concave
and convex functions
For a concave function, the gradient is
Concave function decreasing

“A function where the  The rate of change of the gradient is negative

line segment joining (as in, the value is decreasing)
two points is below the
function”  The rate of change of the gradient is given by
the differential of the gradient function

For a concave function, for all values of x in

the interval being considered

Concave – the line

segment is below
the curve

9I
 Convex – line Concave – line
segment is above segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

3
You need to be able to answer 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 + 4 𝑥 +3
Differentiate
questions based on concave with respect to
and convex functions 2
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑥 + 4
Differentiate again
with respect to
𝑓 ′ ′ ( 𝑥 )=6 𝑥
Find the interval on which the
function is concave. For the function to be concave,

6 𝑥≤0
Divide by 6
𝑥≤0

So this function is concave between any

values of that are less than or equal to 0…

9I
 Convex – line Concave – line
segment is above segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer

questions based on concave
and convex functions

Find the interval on which the

function is concave.
𝒙≤𝟎
𝑥≤0
So this function is concave
between any values of that are
less than or equal to 0…
Concave – the line
segment is below
the curve

9I
 Convex – line Concave – line
segment is above segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

2𝑥 2
You need to be able to answer 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑒 + 𝑥 Differentiate
questions based on concave
2𝑥 with respect to
and convex functions 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑒 +2 𝑥 Differentiate again
2𝑥 with respect to
Show that the function is
𝑓 ′ ′ ( 𝑥 )=4 𝑒 +2
convex for all real values of .
Now start your explanation, starting from known
facts..
for all real values of x
 So if this function is always Multiply
convex, you need to show that the by 4
for all real values of x
second differential is always
Add 2
greater than 0…
for all real values of x

Therefore, since for all values of , the function will

be convex for all values of

9I
 Convex – line Concave – line
segment is above segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer

questions based on concave
and convex functions

Concave – the line

Show that the function is segment is above
convex for all real values of . the curve

 So if this function is always

convex, you need to show that the
second differential is always
greater than 0…

9I
 Convex – line Concave – line
segment is above segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer  As we move along this curve, it

questions based on concave changes from concave to convex…
and convex functions
 There must be an exact point where
this change happens
The point at which a curve
changes from being concave to  This is known as a point of
convex is known as a point of inflection
inflection.
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )

 At a point of inflection, the

curve changes from concave
to convex

 Therefore, the sign of the

second differential must
change

9I
 Convex – line Point of inflection – position where the second Concave – line
segment is above differential changes sign segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer

3 2
questions based on concave 𝑦 =𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +5 Differentiate
and convex functions
𝑑𝑦 2 with respect to
=3 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate again
The curve has equation with respect to
𝑑2 𝑦
=6 𝑥 − 4
𝑑 𝑥2
a) Show that C is concave on the Now you should consider the first interval
interval and convex on the given…
interval 6 𝑥−4
If If
¿ −16 ¿−4
b) Find the coordinates of the  Since the function is linear, for all
point of inflection

9I
 Convex – line Point of inflection – position where the second Concave – line
segment is above differential changes sign segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer

3 2
questions based on concave 𝑦 =𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +5 Differentiate
and convex functions
𝑑𝑦 2 with respect to
=3 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate again
The curve has equation with respect to
𝑑2 𝑦
=6 𝑥 − 4
𝑑 𝑥2
a) Show that C is concave on the Now you should consider the second interval
interval and convex on the given…
interval 6 𝑥−4
If If
¿2 ¿ 14
b) Find the coordinates of the  Since the function is linear, for all
point of inflection

9I
 Convex – line Point of inflection – position where the second Concave – line
segment is above differential changes sign segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer

3 2
questions based on concave 𝑦 =𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +5 Differentiate
and convex functions
𝑑𝑦 2 with respect to
=3 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate again
The curve has equation with respect to
𝑑2 𝑦
=6 𝑥 − 4
𝑑 𝑥2
a) Show that C is concave on the To find the coordinates of the point of inflection, set
interval and convex on the the second differential equal to 0 (since this point is
interval where the sign of the second differential changes, it
make sense that the point itself must give a value of
0)
b) Find the coordinates of the 6 𝑥 − 4=0 Add 4
point of inflection
6 𝑥=4
( ) 2 Divide by 6
2 47 𝑥=
, 3
3 27 Use the original
47 equation to find the
𝑦= value of
27

9I
 Convex – line Point of inflection – position where the second Concave – line
segment is above differential changes sign segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

You need to be able to answer You should verify that changes sign across the
questions based on concave point we found
and convex functions
 Choose values of either side of and substitute
them in

The curve has equation

𝑑2 𝑦
2
=6 𝑥 − 4
a) Show that C is concave on the 𝑑𝑥
interval and convex on the If If If
interval

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 2
𝑑 𝑦
=− 0 . 4 =0 =0 . 2
b) Find the coordinates of the 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑥2
point of inflection

( 2 47
,
3 27 ) Change of sign

9I
 Convex – line Point of inflection – position where the second Concave – line
segment is above differential changes sign segment is below
the curve the curve

Differentiation
For a convex function, for For a concave function, for
all values of in the interval all values of in the interval
being considered being considered

3 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +5
You need to be able to answer
questions based on concave
and convex functions

The curve has equation

a) Show that C is concave on the ( 2 47

,
3 27 )
interval and convex on the
interval

b) Find the coordinates of the

point of inflection

( 2 47
,
3 27 )
Note that a point of inflection is not
necessarily a stationary point!
9I
Teachings for
Exercise 9J
 Differentiation
The rate of change of the radius with
You need to be able to use 𝑑𝑟 respect to time is 5
the chain rule to connect =5
𝑑𝑡 ie) Every unit of time (lets assume
together rates of change, and seconds for now), the radius increases
apply them to practical by 5cm (so the circle is expanding)
contexts

𝑑𝐴
Given that the area of a circle is The rate of change of the Area with
related to its radius by the 𝑑𝑡 respect to time
formula , and that the rate of
change of its radius in is given
by , find when
𝑟 =3 The radius is 3cm

 Let’s start by unpicking what

some of this information So we are being asked:
means…
‘Find the rate at which the Area is increasing at
the moment the radius is 3cm, given that the
radius is increasing at 5cm per second’

9J
 Differentiation
You need to be able to use  Use the chain rule, starting with the
the chain rule to connect differential we are trying to find (in this case, )
together rates of change, and
apply them to practical 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
contexts =¿ ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟
 Include the differential we have already (in
Given that the area of a circle is
related to its radius by the this case, )
formula , and that the rate of  Now you need to think what differential to
change of its radius in is given
multiply by, so that the two sides are
by , find when
equivalent
So we are being asked:  We will need to have a on the numerator
‘Find the rate at which the Area is  We will need to cancel the on the
increasing at the moment the radius
numerator, which can be done by having a
is 3cm, given that the radius is
on the denominator
increasing at 5cm per second’
 So we need to find an expression for - can
we do that from the information given?

9J
 Differentiation
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
=¿ ×
You need to be able to use 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟
the chain rule to connect
together rates of change, and We have an equation linking and
apply them to practical 2 already!
contexts
𝐴=𝜋 𝑟 Differentiate
𝑑𝐴 with respect to
=2 𝜋 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
Given that the area of a circle is Substitute these into the equation we
related to its radius by the formed…
formula , and that the rate of 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
=¿
change of its radius in is given
by , find when 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 × 𝑑𝑟 We now
know both
So we are being asked: 𝑑𝐴 and
=¿ 5 × 2 𝜋 𝑟
𝑑𝑡 We are also
‘Find the rate at which the Area is
told the value
increasing at the moment the radius
is 3cm, given that the radius is 𝑑𝐴 of
=¿ 5 × 2 𝜋 (3)
increasing at 5cm per second’ 𝑑𝑡
Calculate
 So at the moment given, the area 𝑑𝐴
is increasing at per second =30 𝜋
𝑑𝑡
9J
 Differentiation
You need to be able to use  Use the chain rule, starting with the
the chain rule to connect differential we are trying to find (in this case, )
together rates of change, and
apply them to practical 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
=¿
contexts 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 × 𝑑𝑟 × 𝑑𝑉

 Include the differential we have already (in

The volume of a hemisphere is
related to its radius by the this case, )
formula , and the total surface  We need to have a on the numerator. Since
area is given by the formula .
we have , we can use it to find
Given that the rate of increase of
volume, in , , find the rate of  We now need to cancel the on the
increase of the surface area, .
numerator and the on the denominator

 We can do this in one go by including in the

chain

 We can find this by first finding …

9J
 Differentiation
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
=¿
You need to be able to use
the chain rule to connect
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 × 𝑑𝑟 × 𝑑𝑉
together rates of change, and
apply them to practical We need to find the two differentials so we can
contexts substitute them in…
2 2 3
𝑆=3 𝜋 𝑟 𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
Differentiate 3 Differentiate
The volume of a hemisphere is with respect with respect
related to its radius by the 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑉 2
=6 𝜋 𝑟 to
=2 𝜋 𝑟 to
formula , and the total surface 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
area is given by the formula . 𝑑𝑟 1 ‘Invert’
Given that the rate of increase of =
volume, in , , find the rate of 𝑑𝑉 2 𝜋 𝑟 2
increase of the surface area, .

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟 1
=6 𝜋 𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉 2 𝜋 𝑟 2

9J
 Differentiation
You need to be able to use 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
=¿
the chain rule to connect 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 × 𝑑𝑟 × 𝑑𝑉 Sub in the differentials
together rates of change, and
apply them to practical we calculated
contexts 𝑑𝑆 1
=¿ 6×6 𝜋 𝑟 ×
𝑑𝑡 2𝜋 𝑟
2
Write as a
single fraction
The volume of a hemisphere is 𝑑𝑆 36 𝜋 𝑟
related to its radius by the =¿
formula , and the total surface 𝑑𝑡 2𝜋𝑟
2

area is given by the formula . Simplif

Given that the rate of increase of y
𝑑𝑆 18
volume, in , , find the rate of =¿
increase of the surface area, . 𝑑𝑡 𝑟

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟 1 So given the conditions, the rate of increase of

=6 𝜋 𝑟 = the surface area over time is equal to 18
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉 2 𝜋 𝑟 2 divided by the hemisphere’s radius at that
point in time…

9J
 Differentiation
You need to be able to use the
chain rule to connect together
rates of change, and apply Let the rate of decay over time be
them to practical contexts

In the decay of radioactive The letter is often used to

particles, the rate at which represent a constant of
particles decay is proportional to proportion
the number of particles remaining.
Write down a differential equation Let be the number of particles
for the rate of change of the
number of particles. 𝑑𝑁
=¿ −𝑘𝑁
𝑑𝑡
 A differential equation is an
equation that can be used to
calculate a rate of change over …the number
time (essentially, what you have The rate of …is of particles
just been doing!) change of proportional remaining
particles… to…
(decreasing, so
needs to be
negative)
9J
 Differentiation
Let the temperature of the body be
You need to be able to use
the chain rule to connect
together rates of change, and Let the rate of change of the
apply them to practical temperature over time be
contexts
The letter is often used to
represent a constant of
Newton’s law of cooling states proportion
that the rate of loss of Let be the temperature of the
temperature of a body is surroundings
proportional to the excess
temperature of the body 𝑑𝜃
=¿ ( 𝜃 − 𝜃0 )
compared to its surroundings. 𝑑𝑡 −𝑘
Write an equation that expresses
this law.
…the
The rate of …is difference
change of proportional between the
temperature… to… termperature
(decreasing, so of the body
needs to be
negative) and its
surroundings
9J
 Differentiation
The first sentence tells us that
You need to be able to use
the chain rule to connect (the rate of loss of volume is
together rates of change, and proportional to the head’s surface area)
apply them to practical
contexts

The head of a snowman of radius

loses volume by evaporation at a
rate proportional to its surface
area. Assuming that the head is
spherical, that the volume of a
sphere is given by and that the
surface area is , write down a
differential equation for the rate
of change of radius of the
snowman’s head.

We are being asked to find a differential

equation starting with

9J
 Differentiation
 Use the chain rule, starting with the
You need to be able to use differential we are trying to find (in this case, )
the chain rule to connect
together rates of change, and 𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑅
=¿
𝑑𝑡 × 𝑑𝑉
apply them to practical
contexts 𝑑𝑡
 Include the differential we have already (in
The head of a snowman of radius this case, )
loses volume by evaporation at a
 We need to have a on the numerator, as we
rate proportional to its surface
area. Assuming that the head is need to cancel the part…
spherical, that the volume of a  We can do this in one go by including in the
sphere is given by and that the
chain
surface area is , write down a
differential equation for the rate  We can find this by first finding …
of change of radius of the
snowman’s head.
𝑑𝑉
=− 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡

9J
 Differentiation
𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑅
=¿ × 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
You need to be able to use
the chain rule to connect We need to find an expression for
together rates of change, and
apply them to practical 4 3
contexts
𝑉= 𝜋 𝑅
3 Differentiate
with respect
𝑑𝑉 2 to
=4 𝜋 𝑅
The head of a snowman of radius
𝑑𝑅
‘Invert’
loses volume by evaporation at a 𝑑𝑅 1
rate proportional to its surface =
𝑑𝑉 4 𝜋 𝑅 2
area. Assuming that the head is
spherical, that the volume of a 𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑅
=¿ × 𝑑𝑉
sphere is given by and that the 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Replace using
surface area is , write down a the
differential equation for the rate 𝑑𝑅 1 expressions
=¿−𝑘𝐴×
of change of radius of the 𝑑𝑡 4𝜋 𝑅
2 we have
We can now
snowman’s head. replace
𝑑𝑅 1
𝑑𝑉 =¿−𝑘( 4 𝜋 𝑅2 )×
=− 𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑡 4𝜋 𝑅
2

𝑑𝑡 Simplify
𝑑𝑅
=−𝑘
𝑑𝑡
9J
 Differentiation
You need to be able to use 𝑑𝑅
=−𝑘
the chain rule to connect 𝑑𝑡
together rates of change, and
apply them to practical This is telling us that, given the conditions,
contexts the radius of the snowman’s head will
decrease at a constant rate over time

The head of a snowman of radius

loses volume by evaporation at a
rate proportional to its surface
area. Assuming that the head is
spherical, that the volume of a
sphere is given by and that the
surface area is , write down a
differential equation for the rate
of change of radius of the
snowman’s head.

9J