ntegration

Prior Knowledge Check

1) Differentiate with respect to : 3) Write as partial fractions.
a) b)
12(2 𝑥 −7 )
5
5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 7 1
c) −
4 𝑥 − 1 𝑥+ 3
𝑥
1 3 4) Find the area of the region
𝑒 bounded by the curve , the x-axis,
3
and the lines and .
2) Given
a) Find
16 2
3 1
5) Integrate
units squared
b) Find 𝑥 − 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
3  Cannot follow the ‘usual’ pattern
as it would lead to dividing by 0
268
3
Teachings for
Exercise 11A
 Integration
You need to be able to 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
integrate using standard Differentiate with respect to
functions 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Since differentiating leads to , it follows that

Standard functions are those
integrating should lead to (since the process is
which you have already seen, but being reversed…)
from the perspective of
differentiation. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Integrate with respect to

∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐  Don’t forget the

11A
 Integration
You need to be able to 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑙𝑛𝑥
integrate using standard Differentiate with respect to
functions 1
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥)=
𝑥
Since differentiating leads to , it follows that
Standard functions are those
integrating should lead to (since the process is
which you have already seen, but being reversed…)
from the perspective of
differentiation.
1
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
𝑥 Integrate with respect to

∫ ( )
 Don’t forget the
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛𝑥 +𝑐
In this case, a modulus is

∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+𝑐
usually used

 The reason a modulus sign is used here is because if

we then have to evaluate using negative numbers, we
cannot substitute them in (you cannot find of a
negative value)

11A
 Integration
−2

∫ ( 𝑥1 ) 𝑑𝑥 Integrate with respect to

You need to be able to −3
 As we are doing definite
integrate using standard integration, we do not need to
−2
functions ¿ [ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ]− 3 include the
Sub in
¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( − 2 ) − 𝑙𝑛 ⁡( −3) values
Find the value of
 We cannot now work this out, since we cannot find of
a negative number

 If we did the same thing, but using a modulus…

−2

∫ ( 𝑥1 ) 𝑑𝑥 Integrate with respect to

−3
 As we are doing definite
−2 integration, we do not need to
¿ [ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|] −3 include the
Sub in
| | | |
¿ 𝑙𝑛 −2 − 𝑙𝑛⁡ − 3 values
The modulus means we can
use the positive values
¿ 𝑙𝑛|2|−𝑙𝑛 ⁡|3|
Calculate, and remember
the answer should be
¿ − 0 . 41=0 . 41 positive
11A
 Integration 𝑦 𝑦=
1
𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate using standard
functions

Find the value of

-3 -2
 Notice that using the positive 2 3
𝑥
values will give an area which is
equivalent to the one we want!

11A
 Integration
You need to be able to
integrate using standard
functions

You are not given the standard

relationships for integration in the So you could use this row to
formula booklet, but you can use
the rules from the differentiation recall that the integral of is
parts to help!

11A
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration We cannot write this term as

since integrating would then lead
to a division by 0

You need to be able to ∫( 3

)
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+ − √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
integrate using standard Rewrite each term
functions for integration

( ( ) )
1
1
¿∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+ 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 Integrate each term
separately using rules
Find the following integral: 3
we know
+3 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥−| 2
¿ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3
𝑥+𝑐
2

 Rewrite each term first, and

then integrate each term
separately

11A
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
You need to be able to
integrate using standard
∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
−
)
2𝑒
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Rewrite the first term as
functions a multiplication
¿∫ ( − 2𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 𝑥
×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Rewrite using other
Find the following integral: trig functions

¿∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥−2𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Integrate each term
using patterns we
−2 𝑒+𝑐
¿− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑥 know

 Rewrite each term first, and

then integrate each term
separately

11A
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
3𝑎
You need to be able to ∫ ( 2 𝑥+
𝑥 )
1
𝑑𝑥
integrate using standard 𝑎

functions Rewrite for integration

3𝑎
¿ ∫ 2+
𝑎
( 1
𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 Integrate and use a square bracket (we do not
need the +c for definite integration, and we are
Given that is a positive constant told that a is a positive constant, so do not need
3𝑎
and: ¿ [ 2 𝑥+ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ] 𝑎 the modulus either!)

Sub in and , and subtract

¿ ( 2(3 𝑎)+ 𝑙𝑛 ⁡( 3 𝑎)
−)( 2 𝑎+𝑙𝑛𝑎 )
Simplif
¿ 6 𝑎+𝑙𝑛 ( 3 𝑎 ) − 2𝑎 −𝑙𝑛𝑎 y
Group like terms, using the
Find the exact value of . subtraction law for those
¿ 4 𝑎 +𝑙𝑛 ( )
3𝑎
𝑎
involving
Simplify the term
¿ 4 𝑎+𝑙𝑛3

Since this is the integral, it must be equal

to (as stated in the question)

11A
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
You need to be able to 4 𝑎+𝑙𝑛3=𝑙𝑛12
integrate using standard Subtract
functions 4 𝑎=𝑙𝑛12 − 𝑙𝑛3
( )
12 Use the subtraction
4 𝑎=𝑙𝑛 law
Given that is a positive constant 3
Simplify
and:
4 𝑎=𝑙𝑛 ( 4 )
Divide by 4
1
𝑎= 𝑙𝑛 ( 4 )
4

Find the exact value of .

11A
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
You need to be able to Bonus integrals in the formula
integrate using standard booklet!!
functions

11A
Teachings for
Exercise 11B
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
1
You need to be able to 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡(2 𝑥 +3) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⁡(2 𝑥 +3)
Differentiate 2 Differentiate
integrate functions of the
with respect with respect
form using standard patterns 𝑑𝑦 to 𝑑𝑦 to
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⁡(2 𝑥+ 3) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⁡( 2 𝑥+ 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Find the following integral:

Therefore:
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
Notice that if we start with1
¿ To( ‘correct’
𝑠𝑖 𝑛 2 𝑥 +3 ) + 𝑐 you should divide
this,
Imagine we use standard patterns as 2
sin, differentiating gives us the original function by 2, and
an answer which is check that it works
before – think about what we would effectively what we want,
differentiate to end up with but multiplied by 2

 To get to cos, we would have

started with sin of the same
function…

11B
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
1 4 𝑥+1
You need to be able to 𝑦 =𝑒
4 𝑥+1
𝑦= 𝑒
Differentiate 4 Differentiate
integrate functions of the with respect with respect
form using standard patterns 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑥 +1 to 𝑑𝑦 to
=4 𝑒 =𝑒 4 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Find the following integral:

Therefore:

Notice that if we start1

∫𝑒 4 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
¿ 𝑒 Tothe
4 𝑥+1 ‘correct’ this, you should divide
with , differentiating gives +𝑐original function by 4, and
Imagine we use standard patterns as us an answer which is
4
before – think about what we would check that it works
effectively what we want,
differentiate to end up with but multiplied by 4

 To get to that, we would have

started with to the same power…

11B
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
1
You need to be able to 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝑥
Differentiate 3 Differentiate
integrate functions of the with respect with respect
form using standard patterns 𝑑𝑦 2 to 𝑑𝑦 to
=3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Find the following integral:

Therefore:
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
Notice that if we start1with
2

To ‘correct’ this, you should divide

¿ 𝑡𝑎𝑛
tan, differentiating gives us 3 𝑥 +𝑐
Imagine we use standard patterns as an answer which is
3 the original function by 3, and
before – think about what we would check that it works
effectively what we want,
differentiate to end up with but multiplied by 3

 To get to that, we would have

started with …

11B
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
You need to be able to
integrate functions of the
form using standard patterns

As a general rule:

If we integrate a function of this

form, then we need to divide the
standard integral by the value of

11B
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
Use one of the standard patterns
You need to be able to above!

∫( )
integrate functions of the 1
form using standard patterns 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+𝑐
𝑥
Replace with

∫ ( 3 𝑥+2 ) 𝑑𝑥=¿
1 1
Find: 𝑙𝑛|3 𝑥+2|+𝑐
3

Don’t forget to include the division!

11B
 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=𝑒 +𝑐 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 𝑐
( 𝑥
) 𝑥
∫ 1

Integration
5
You need to be able to 𝑦 =(2 𝑥 +3)
integrate functions of the Differentiate with respect to ,
form using standard patterns 𝑑𝑦 using the chain rule
4
=5(2 𝑥+ 3)(2)
𝑑𝑥
Simplify
Find: 𝑑𝑦 4
=10(2 𝑥+ 3)
𝑑𝑥

 This answer is actually 10 times

larger than what we want
 Be careful! Sometimes you should
 So divide the original ‘guess’ by 10!
still consider what we would
differentiate to get to this integral

 Try starting with the same

bracket, but with a power one
Therefore:
∫ ( 2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
1
4

higher… ¿
5
(2 𝑥 +3) + 𝑐
10

11B
Teachings for
Exercise 11C
 Integration
You need to be able to use
trigonometric identities to
∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
Rewrite using the

¿ ∫ ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
identity below
rewrite functions before
integrating Integrate each term separately –
remember to include the
¿ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
−𝑥+𝑐
Find the following integral:

 Notice that this integral is not

one of the standard patterns.
Think about how it could be
rewritten…
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≡1 Divide all terms
2 2
by
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+1 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
Subtract 1
2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 −1

11C
 Integration
You need to be able to use
trigonometric identities to ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite using the expression

( )
rewrite functions before we calculated below
1
integrating ¿∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 Integrate – remember to be
careful since this is

Find the following integral: ¿ (

1 1
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 +𝑐
6 2
𝑥 ) Simplify
1
¿− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥+ 𝑐
12
 Think about how this could be
rewritten…

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Let
𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
Divide by
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 2
2

11C
 Integration
You need to be able to use
trigonometric identities to ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
Expand the

¿∫ ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

rewrite functions before 2 2 brackets
integrating Replace the term
using the expression

¿∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥−1+2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

( 2 2 below
Find the following integral:
Group like terms

¿∫ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥−1+2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
( 2
Integrate each term
separately using
 We will need to expand the ¿ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
−𝑥+2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
+𝑐 standard patterns
brackets first…
 The only part we cannot
integrate currently is the
term…
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ≡1 Divide all
terms by
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥+1 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥
Subtract 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 −1

11C
 Integration
𝜋
8

You need to be able to use ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

trigonometric identities to 𝜋
12 Rewrite using the
rewrite functions before 𝜋
identity
8
integrating ¿∫
𝜋
( 12 − 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 You can factorise
12
𝜋 from the equation
Show that: 1
8

¿ ∫ ( 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
12 Integrate and use

[ ]
𝜋 a square bracket
1 1 8
¿ 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
2 2 𝜋
12 Sub in limits and
subtract

(( )( ))
 As before, think about a 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
relationship you already ¿ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 8 2 4 12 2 6
know… You can calculate
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ≡1 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
( ( )) (
1 𝜋 1 √2
( )))
the sin terms
𝜋 1 1
Subtract , Add ¿ − − −
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ≡ 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2 8 2 2 12 2 2
Simplify the

(( )( ))
Divide all
1 1 terms by 2 1 𝜋 √2 𝜋 1 innermost
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≡ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2 2
¿ − − − brackets
2 8 4 12 4
11C
 Integration
You need to be able to use
trigonometric identities to
¿
((
1 𝜋 √2
−
2 8 4
− )( 𝜋 1
−
12 4 )) ‘Multiply out’ the
brackets
rewrite functions before
integrating
¿ ( 4
1 𝜋 √2 𝜋
−
2 8
− )1
+
12 4 Change the order (to
make the next step
¿ ( − −√ + )
1 𝜋 𝜋 2 1 clearer)
Show that: 2 8 12 4 4 Make the relevant

¿ ( − + )
1 3 𝜋 2 𝜋 √2 1 denominators equivalent
−
2 24 24 4 4 Group terms (think about how
best to group the term with
¿ (
4 )
1 𝜋 1− √ 2 the root)
+
 As before, think about a 2 24
Multiply out
relationship you already 𝜋 1 −√2
know… ¿ +
48 8
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ≡1 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Subtract , Add
2
 Remember that on ‘show that’
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≡ 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 questions, you need to be
Divide all
2 1 1 terms by 2 meticulous with your workings!
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≡ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2 2

11C
Teachings for
Exercise 11D
 If:
Then:

Integration
When integrating some
equations, you might need to
use the chain rule, but in
Let: 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛𝑥
reverse…
Inverse Logarithm
𝑦
𝑥=𝑒
In the differentiation chapter, you
learnt how to differentiate 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Differentiate
=𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑒
Earlier we said
𝑑𝑦 1 that
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
11
 If:
Then:

Integration If:
Then:
But what about
if the logarithm
Let: 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛𝑓 ( 𝑥)
was a function Let
of x?
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛𝑢
Differentiate Differentiate (we know
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 this result from before)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Sub in
𝑑𝑦 1 values
=¿ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑢= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 ′1(𝑥)
=¿
= 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑓 ((𝑥)
𝑥)
11
 If:
Then:

Integration If:
Then:

When integrating some

equations, you might need to
use the chain rule, but in
reverse…

You can use this pattern to help

integrate functions of the form:

 You should be checking if the

denominator would differentiate
to give the numerator

 It will still work if the differential

would then have to be
multiplied by the constant

11
 If:
Then:

Integration If:
Then:

When integrating some

equations, you might need to 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 2 +1 )
use the chain rule, but in Differentiate using the
reverse… 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 relationship above
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1

Find:
Since this gives us exactly what we
are trying to integrate, it must follow
that:

 Notice that the denominator will

∫ ( 2𝑥
2
𝑥 +1 )
𝑑𝑥
Integrate (remember you should
include the modulus sign!)
differentiate to give the
numerator ¿ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 +1|+ 𝑐

 So start by checking if
will work…

11
 If:
Then:

Integration If:
Then:

When integrating some

equations, you might need to 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 ( 3 +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
use the chain rule, but in Differentiate using the
reverse… 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 relationship above
=
𝑑𝑥 3 +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Find:
Since this gives us double what we are looking
for, we need to halve the original ‘guess’

 Therefore…

 Notice that the denominator will

differentiate to give the ∫( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥)
numerator (albeit also being Integrate, including the
multiplied by 2…) 1 modulus sign
¿ 𝑙𝑛|3+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|+𝑐
2
 So start by checking if
will work…

11
 Integration
When integrating some
equations, you might need to
use the chain rule, but in
reverse…

You can use a similar method when

integrating functions of the form:

Function
A constant The derivative
raised to a
of that function power…

 So you should look for two

functions multiplied together,
where one is the derivative of the
other (usually one will be raised to
a power as well)…
11
 Integration
When integrating some
equations, you might need to
use the chain rule, but in
reverse…

Find:

So notice here that sine

differentiates to cosine, and they In most cases, try starting
are multiplied together with a power one higher
than in the function you are
integrating…
 You should start by
differentiating , and see what
happens…

11
 Integration
3
When integrating some 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
equations, you might need to Rewrite for differentiation
use the chain rule, but in 𝑦 =( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
3
Differentiate using the chain
reverse…
𝑑𝑦 2
rule
=3 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Find: Simplify
𝑑𝑦 2
=3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Notice that this has given us the exact expression

we are trying to integrate…
So notice here that sine
 Therefore:
differentiates to cosine, and they

∫ (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
are multiplied together
2
Integrate
 You should start by 3
differentiating , and see what ¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+ 𝑐
happens…

11
 Integration
When integrating some
equations, you might need to
use the chain rule, but in
reverse…

Find:

In most cases, try starting

 Notice that if we differentiate with a power one higher
the inner bracket, we will get than in the function you are
the term outside (multiplied by integrating…
2)

 The terms are also multiplied

together

 Start by differentiating
and see what happens…

11
 Integration
4
𝑦 =( 𝑥 2 +5 )
When integrating some Differentiate using the chain
equations, you might need to 𝑑𝑦 3 rule
=4 ( 𝑥 +5 ) (2 𝑥)
2
use the chain rule, but in 𝑑𝑥
reverse… Simplify
𝑑𝑦 3
=8 𝑥 ( 𝑥 +5 )
2
𝑑𝑥
Find:
Notice that this has given us the expression we
were trying to integrate, but has been multiplied
 Notice that if we differentiate by 8
the inner bracket, we will get
the term outside (multiplied by  Therefore, when integrating we need to divide
2) the original guess by 8…

∫ ( 𝑥 ( 𝑥 +5) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 3
 The terms are also multiplied Integrate
1 2 4
together ¿ ( )
𝑥 +5 +𝑐
8
 Start by differentiating
and see what happens…

11
 Integration
When integrating some
equations, you might need to
use the chain rule, but in
reverse…

Use integration to find:

 Be careful with this one. It looks

like we should use the rule
involving ln, but actually the
denominator will not
differentiate to give the
numerator…

 We need to rewrite this as solve

it as with the previous
question…
11
 Integration
−2
When integrating some 𝑦 =( 2+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )
Differentiate using
equations, you might need to
𝑑𝑦 −3 the chain rule
use the chain rule, but in =−2 ( 2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ()− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 )
reverse… 𝑑𝑥 The negatives
𝑑𝑦 cancel out
=2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) ( 2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )
2 −3
𝑑𝑥
Use integration to find: Rewrite as a fraction
2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 ( 2+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )3

Notice that this has given us the expression we

were trying to integrate, but has been multiplied
 Try rewriting it… by 2

¿∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) ( 2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −3  Therefore, when integrating we need to divide
2the original guess by 2…
∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
( 2+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )
−2
3
)
𝑑𝑥
Integrate
 Now try differentiating 1(
¿ 2+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ) +𝑐
and see what happens… 2

11
 Integration
When integrating some 𝑦 =𝑠𝑒𝑐4 𝑥
Write for
equations, you might need to differentiation
use the chain rule, but in 𝑦 =( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 )4
reverse… Differentiate using
𝑑𝑦 the chain rule
=4 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
( )3
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Given that: Simplify
𝑑𝑦 4
=4 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

This has given us the expression we are looking for,

Where , find the exact value of . but only of it

 We therefore need to multiply the original guess

 Notice above, that when you by
differentiate , you get in the
answer (∫ 5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 Integrate
 This means that for , you 5 4
¿ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 +𝑐
should try differentiating it with 4
the same power as in the
answer

11
 Integration
𝜃

When integrating some ∫ ( 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐4 𝑥 ) Integrate as we showed

equations, you might need to 0
previously (we do not need to
use the chain rule, but in
[ ]
𝜃
5 include the +c for definite
reverse… ¿ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 integration)
4 0
Write as a subtraction
Given that: ¿ ( 5
4
4 5
4)( 4
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 0) ) Remember that

¿
( 5
4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
4
) (
−
5
4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 )
4
)
Where , find the exact value of . Calculate using
¿
( 5
4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
4
−
5
4 ) ( )
 Notice above, that when you
differentiate , you get in the Since we know that this is equal to , we can set it
answer equal to that, and solve for
 This means that for , you
should try differentiating it with
the same power as in the
answer

11
 Integration
5 5 15
When integrating some − =
4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
4
4 4
equations, you might need to Add to both sides
use the chain rule, but in
5
reverse… =5
4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) 4 Multiply both
sides by
4
Given that: 5=20 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
Divide both sides by
0 . 25=( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
4 20
Take the 4th root
Where , find the exact value of . √ 0 . 25=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
4

Inverse cos
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( √ 0 . 25 ) =𝜃
−1 4

 Notice above, that when you Calculate, with your calculator

differentiate , you get in the 1 in radians…
𝜋 =𝜃
answer 4

 This means that for , you

should try differentiating it with
the same power as in the
answer

11
Teachings for
Exercise 11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
∫( 𝑥❑√2 𝑥+5 ) 𝑑𝑥
help integrate more
complicated functions (in a 𝑥 2 𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
similar way to when
differentiating…) There are 3 separate parts written in terms of ‘’

 All of these need to replaced with equivalents in ,

Find using the following based on the substitution we are using…
substitution:
𝑢=2 𝑥 +5
Subtract 5 and
Differentiate
divide by 2

𝑢− 5 𝑑𝑢
=𝑥 =2
 You will need to rewrite the 2 𝑑𝑥 Multiply by
integral in terms of only…
𝑑𝑢=2 𝑑𝑥
Divide by
1
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑𝑥 2
2
We now have expressions in for all of the
terms in the original integral…
11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to ∫( 𝑥❑√2 𝑥+5 ) 𝑑𝑥 Replace each
term in with

¿ ∫(❑ )
help integrate more
𝑢 −5 1 expressions in
complicated functions (in a
2
√ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
similar way to when
differentiating…) Rewrite/

( )
1
1 simplify
¿∫ 𝑢 ( 𝑢 −5 ) 𝑑𝑢
2
4 Expand the
Find using the following

∫( )
3 1 bracket
substitution: 1 2 5 2
¿ 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 4 Integrate each
5 3
1 5 2 term
𝑢 𝑢2
𝑢− 5 1
¿
4 − 4 separately
𝑥=
2 2
𝑑 𝑢=𝑑𝑥 5 3 +𝑐
2 2 Simplify
5 3
1 2 5 2
¿ 𝑢 − 𝑢 +𝑐 Finally, we can
10 6 replace all terms
5 3
with the original
1 5 substitution that we
¿ ( 2 𝑥+ 5 ) 2 − ( 2 𝑥 +5 ) 2 +𝑐
10 6 used!

11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
∫( 𝑥❑√2 𝑥+5 ) 𝑑𝑥
help integrate more
complicated functions (in a 𝑥 2 𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
similar way to when
differentiating…) There are 3 separate parts written in terms of ‘’

 All of these need to replaced with equivalents in ,

Find using the following based on the substitution we are using…
substitution:
2
𝑢 =2 𝑥 +5
Subtract 5 and
Differentiate
divide by 2
2
𝑢 −5 𝑑𝑢
=𝑥 2𝑢 =2
 You will need to rewrite the 2 𝑑𝑥 Multiply by
integral in terms of only…
2 𝑢𝑑𝑢=2 𝑑𝑥
Divide by
𝑢𝑑 𝑢=𝑑𝑥 2

We now have expressions in for all of the

terms in the original integral…
11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
∫( 𝑥❑√2 𝑥+5 ) 𝑑𝑥 Replace each
term in with

¿ ∫(❑ ) 𝑢2 −5 expressions in
help integrate more
complicated functions (in a 2
√ 𝑢2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
similar way to when Rewrite/
differentiating…)
¿∫ ( 1 2 2
2
𝑢 ( 𝑢 −5 ) 𝑑𝑢 )
Expand the
simplify

¿∫ ( )
bracket
Find using the following 1 4 5 2
substitution: 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2 Integrate each
1 5 5 3 term
Square
𝑢 𝑢
¿ 2 2 separately
2
𝑢 −5 root − +𝑐
𝑥=
2
𝑢𝑑 𝑢=𝑑𝑥 both
5 3
Simplify
sides 1 5 5 3
1 ¿ 𝑢 − 𝑢 +𝑐 Finally, we
2 10 6 can replace
𝑢=( 2 𝑥 +5 ) all terms
( ) − 56 ( ( 2 𝑥 +5 ) ) + 𝑐
1 5 1 5
1 2 2 with a
¿ ( 2 𝑥 +5 )
The answer we got here is 10 substitution
for
exactly the same as using 5 3 Rewrite
1 5
the previous substitution! ¿ ( 2 𝑥+ 5 ) 2 − ( 2 𝑥+ 5 ) 2 +𝑐
10 6
11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
𝑢=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +1
help integrate more Subtract 1 Differentiate
complicated functions (in a
similar way to when 𝑑𝑢
differentiating…) 𝑢−1=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Multiply by
𝑑𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Use the substitution to find:
Notice that this means we
can replace the whole
terms with just

 As before, all terms in need to

be replaced with equivalent
terms in …

11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
help integrate more
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 3
Rewrite using the

¿ ∫( ❑ ) 𝑑 𝑢
expressions we
complicated functions (in a 𝑢 −1
similar way to when
( 𝑢 )3 found
differentiating…) Multiply

¿ ∫ ( 𝑢 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
4 3 out

Integrate
Use the substitution to find: 𝑢
5
𝑢
4
¿ − +𝑐
5 4
Use the original
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 ) 5 4
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 ) substitution for
¿ − +𝑐 u…
5 4

𝑢=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +1
𝑢−1=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
𝑥=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Differentiate
help integrate more 𝑑𝑥
complicated functions (in a =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
similar way to when Multiply by
differentiating…)
𝑑𝑥=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
Prove that:

 Let

11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
help integrate more
∫ ( 1
√ 1− 𝑥 )
2
𝑑𝑥
Replace the terms

¿ ∫( ❑
complicated functions (in a with expressions in
similar way to when
differentiating…)
1
√ 1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
Use an identity
to replace

Prove that:
¿∫
( ) 1
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
Simplify the
denominator
¿∫ (
𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Simplif

 Let
¿ ∫ 1𝑑 𝜃 Integrate y

¿ 𝜃+𝑐
𝑑𝑥=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 Inverse
sine
Replace with an
expression in
¿ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +𝑐
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥=𝜃

11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
𝑢=𝑥+1
help integrate more Subtract 1 Differentiate
complicated functions (in a
similar way to when 𝑑𝑢
differentiating…) 𝑢 −1=𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=1
Multiply by
𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑥
Use integration by substitution to
evaluate:

 If you are not given a

substitution to use, you should
choose one that simplifies the
most complicated part of the
function

11E
 Integration
Something extra we need to do here is replace the
You can use substitutions to limits
help integrate more
complicated functions (in a  The original limits of 2 and 0 were the limits for
similar way to when
differentiating…)  With the substitution, we should find the limits of
instead

 We can do this using the substitution we chose

Use integration by substitution to
evaluate: before…

𝑢=𝑥+1
When When

𝑢=𝑥+1 𝑢=3 𝑢=1

𝑢 −1=𝑥 𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑥 So when we do the substitution, we also need to
replace the limits with 3 and 1…
Limits of 3 and 1

11E
 Integration
2

∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥+ 1)3 𝑑𝑥
You can use substitutions to 0 Replace all terms, and
help integrate more the limits, with the
3
information based on the
complicated functions (in a ¿ ∫(𝑢 ( 𝑢 )𝑑 𝑢 3
❑−1) substitution
similar way to when 1
differentiating…) 3 Multiply out the
¿ ∫ ( 𝑢4 −𝑢 3 ) 𝑑𝑢 bracket
1

Use integration by substitution to Integrate

[ ]
5 4 3
evaluate: 𝑢 𝑢
¿ −
5 4 1 Sub in limits
and subtract
¿
5(
(3)5 (3)4
−
4
−
5
−
4 )(
(1)5 (1)4
) Calculat
𝑢=𝑥+1 e
¿ 28 . 4
𝑢 −1=𝑥 𝑑𝑢=𝑑𝑥 Note that because we adjusted the limits, we did not
have to then replace with terms again, as in the
Limits of 3 and 1 previous examples

 You could replace the terms and then use the limits,
and you would get the same answer!
11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to
𝑢=1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
help integrate more Subtract 1 Differentiate
complicated functions (in a
similar way to when 𝑑𝑢
differentiating…) 𝑢−1=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Multiply
by
𝑑𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Use integration by substitution to
evaluate: Notice that this means we
can replace the whole
terms with just

 If you are not given a

substitution to use, you should
choose one that simplifies the
most complicated part of the
function

11E
 Integration
You can use substitutions to We also need to adjust the limits…
help integrate more
complicated functions (in a 𝑢=1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
similar way to when When When
differentiating…)
𝑢=2 𝑢=1
Use integration by substitution to
So when we do the substitution, we also need to
evaluate:
replace the limits with 2 and 1…

𝑢=1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑢−1=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Limits of 2 and 1

11E
 Integration
𝜋
2

You can use substitutions to ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 √1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Replace terms using
0
help integrate more the substitutions we
complicated functions (in a 2 worked out
similar way to when ¿ ∫√❑
𝑢𝑑𝑢
differentiating…) 1
Rewrite for integration
2 1
¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2

1
Use integration by substitution to Integrate and use a

[ ]
3 2
evaluate: 2
𝑢 square bracket
¿
3
2 1 Rewrit

[ ]
3 2
e
2 2
¿ 𝑢
3
𝑢=1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 Sub in values
and subtract
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
¿ (2) 2 − (1) 2
𝑢−1=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 3
Calculat
2 e
Limits of 2 and 1 ¿ ( 2 √ 2− 1 )
3

11E
Teachings for
Exercise 11F
 Integration
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
You can also use integration ( 𝑢𝑣 ) =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Subtract from
by parts to integrate
both sides
functions 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
( 𝑢𝑣 ) − 𝑣 =𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrate each term
 Lets begin with the product with respect to x
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑑𝑥
rule, and rearranging it… ( 𝑢𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑥− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integral
𝑣 𝑑𝑥= 𝑢 In the first term, the
cancels out the
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 differential
𝑢𝑣 −∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite the other
way round
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This is the rule for integration by parts – you are
given it in the formula booklet!

11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate
functions

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The function you are trying to integrate needs to
be written as a function multiplied by an integral A key aim is to make the term
as easy to integrate as
 When using the product rule, we start by possible…
labelling the functions as and

 When using integration by parts, we start by

labelling them u and

11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate
𝑢=𝑥
∫ (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
functions 𝑣 =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Differentiate Integrate
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find:
Now we can replace these in the relationship
 We need to choose one part to for integration by parts
be , and the other part to be
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
 We want the term to be as
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Replace each
simple as possible term using the
¿ ( 𝑥)( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
−∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)( 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 above…
Integrate 2nd
term (be careful
 If we let , we get , so let’s try with the sign)
that! ¿ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)+𝑐
Simplify
¿ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +𝑐

11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate
∫ ( 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑢=𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑣=
𝑥
3

functions 3
Differentiate Integrate
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 2
= =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find:
Now we can replace these in the relationship
for integration by parts

 In general, if you have a term, 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢

you should usually call it ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Replace each
term using the

 You will see the reason why in ¿ (𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) ( ) ∫ ( )( )

𝑥3
3 −
𝑥3 1 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
above…

Simplify
this example…

( )
3
𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥2
¿
3 −∫ 𝑑𝑥
 So choosing has removed it 3
Integrate 2nd term
from the integral part, and 3
𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥
3

actually helped us simplify it! ¿ − +𝑐

3 9

11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate
∫ ( 𝑥 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥

𝑢= 𝑥
2
𝑣 =𝑒
𝑥

functions Differentiate Integrate

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑥
=2 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find:
Now we can replace these in the relationship
for integration by parts

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
 Sometimes you might have to
use integration by parts twice
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Replace each
term using the

−∫ 𝑒 )
in a row…
( 𝑥( 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 above…
¿ ( 𝑥 )( 𝑒 𝑥 )
2

Simplify
 Let and
−∫ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
¿ 𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥

Now we need to use integration by parts

again to integrate the second term…

11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate 𝑢=2 𝑥
∫ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑣 =𝑒
𝑥

functions Differentiate Integrate

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑥
=2 =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find:
Now we can replace these in the relationship
for integration by parts

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
 Sometimes you might have to
use integration by parts twice
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Replace each
term using the

−∫ 𝑒 )
in a row…
( 𝑥( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 above…
¿ (2 𝑥 )( 𝑒 𝑥 )
Simplify
 Let and
−∫ 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
¿ 2 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
Calculate the

𝑥 𝑒 −∫ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 𝑥 integral part
¿ 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐

¿ 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐
11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate ∫ ( 𝑥 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
We integrated by
parts once

¿𝑥 𝑒 −∫ 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
functions 2 𝑥 𝑥
We then
integrated by
Find: parts again
¿ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − ( 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐 ) Simplify (you
can leave the
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 as a positive)
 Sometimes you might have to ¿ 𝑥 𝑒 −2 𝑥 𝑒 +2 𝑒 +𝑐
use integration by parts twice
in a row…

 Let and

𝑥 𝑒 −∫ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 𝑥

¿ 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐
11F
 Integration
You can also use integration
by parts to integrate 𝑢=𝑙𝑛𝑥
∫ (𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 =𝑥
functions Differentiate Integrate
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
= =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:
Now we can replace these in the relationship
for integration by parts

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Replace each
Leave your answer in terms of term using the

−∫ ( 𝑥 () )
natural logarithms. 1 above…
¿ (𝑙𝑛𝑥 ()𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 Simplify

−∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
 When integrating just a term,
let and ¿ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
Calculate the

∫ (𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥−𝑥+𝑐
integral part
¿ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥+𝑐

11F
 Integration
2

You can also use integration ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Integrate using the expression we
by parts to integrate 1
found (we do not need to use the
functions 2 modulus sign since the limits are
¿ [ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 ]1 positive)
Sub in limits
and subtract
Evaluate: ¿ ( 2 𝑙𝑛2 −2 ) − ( 𝑙𝑛 1 −1 )
𝑙𝑛 1=0
¿ ( 2 𝑙𝑛 2 −2 ) − ( − 1 )
‘Expand bracket’
¿ 2 𝑙𝑛2 −2+1
Leave your answer in terms of Simplify
natural logarithms. ¿ 2 𝑙𝑛2 −1

 When integrating just a term,

let and

∫ (𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥−𝑥+𝑐
11F
Teachings for
Exercise 11G
 Integration
𝑥−5 𝐴 𝐵
You can use partial ¿ + Write as two
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −2) ( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 − 2) fractions and make
fractions to integrate the denominators
expressions 𝑥−5 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 2) 𝐵( 𝑥+1) equal
¿ +
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −2) ( 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −2) ( 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 2)
Combin
This allows you to split a 𝑥−5 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 2 ) + 𝐵( 𝑥+ 1) e
¿
fraction up – it can ( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −2) ( 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −2) The numerators
sometimes be recombined must be equal
after integration… 𝑥 −5¿ 𝐴 ( 𝑥 −2 ) + 𝐵(𝑥 +1)
Let x = 2 −3¿ 3 𝐵
Calculate A and B
𝑥 −5
Find: − 1¿ 𝐵 by choosing

∫ (𝑥 +1)(𝑥 −2) 𝑑𝑥 Let x = -1 −6¿ − 3 𝐴

appropriate x
values

2¿ 𝐴
2 1
∫ (𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥−5
¿
𝐴
+
𝐵
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −2) ( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 − 2) Replace A and B
from the start
𝑥−5 2 1
¿ −
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −2) ( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 − 2)
11
 Integration
2 1
You can use partial ∫ (𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −2) 𝑑𝑥
−
fractions to integrate Integrate each
expressions separately
2 1
∫ (𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (𝑥 −2) 𝑑𝑥
This allows you to split a
fraction up – it can ¿2ln ⁡∨ 𝑥+1∨¿ ¿ ln ⁡∨ 𝑥 −2∨¿
sometimes be recombined
after integration… ¿ ln ⁡∨ ¿

𝑥 −5
Find: ¿ ln ⁡
∨¿
∫ (𝑥 +1)(𝑥 −2) 𝑑𝑥
You can combine the
natural logarithms as

| |
2
( 𝑥 +1 ) a division
¿ ln ⁡ +𝑐
𝑥 −2
2 1
∫ (𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−

11
 Integration
1 1) Divide the first term by
You can use partial 2 2
fractions to integrate 9 𝑥 − 4 9 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +2 the highest power

9 𝑥 − 4−
2
expressions 2) Multiply the answer by
−3 𝑥+ 6 the whole expression
you’re dividing by
This allows you to split a 3) Subtract to find the
fraction up – it can remainder
sometimes be recombined
after integration… 4) Remember to write the
remainder as a fraction of
the original expression
9 𝑥 Find:
2
− 3 𝑥 +2
∫ 9 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑑𝑥 2
9 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 2 +−3 𝑥 +6
2
9 𝑥 −4
¿ 1 9 𝑥2 − 4
+6 − 3 𝑥 Looks tidier!
¿ 19 𝑥 2 − 4

11
 Integration
2
9 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 2 +6 − 3 𝑥 We now need to write the
You can use partial 2
9 𝑥 −4
¿ 19 𝑥 2 − 4 remainder as partial
fractions
fractions to integrate
expressions 6 −3 𝑥 6 −3 𝑥
2 ¿
9 𝑥 − 4 ( 3 𝑥 +2)(3 𝑥 − 2)
This allows you to split a 𝐴 𝐵
fraction up – it can ¿ +
sometimes be recombined ( 3 𝑥 +2) (3 𝑥 −2)
after integration…
𝐴 ( 3 𝑥 − 2 ) + 𝐵(3 𝑥 +2)
¿
( 3 𝑥 −2)(3 𝑥+ 2)
9 𝑥 Find:
2
− 3 𝑥 +2
∫ 9 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 ( 3 𝑥 − 2 ) +𝐵 ( 3 𝑥+2 )=6 −3 𝑥
Set the numerators
equal and solve for A
and B
Let x = 2/3
4 𝐵=4
𝐵=1
Let x = -2/3 − 4 𝐴=8
𝐴=− 2 Write the final answer
with the remainder
6 −3 𝑥 2 1 broken apart!
1+ ¿ 1 − +
2
9 𝑥 −4 3 𝑥+2 3 𝑥 −2 11
 Integration
2
9 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 2 2 1
You can use partial ¿ 1 − +
2
9 𝑥 −4 3 𝑥+2 3 𝑥 −2
fractions to integrate
expressions
2 1
∫ 1 − 3 𝑥+2 + 3 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
Integrate
separately

This allows you to split a

∫ 2 1
fraction up – it can
sometimes be recombined
after integration…
1 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 3 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 3 𝑥− 2 𝑑𝑥
2Find:
9 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +2
¿𝑥 ¿ ( 2 )()
1
3
ln ⁡∨3 𝑥 +2∨¿ ¿() 1
3
ln ⁡∨ 3 𝑥 −2∨¿

∫ 9 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑑𝑥 ¿ ( ) ln ⁡∨ ( 3 𝑥 +2 ) ∨¿
1 2
3
1 1
ln |( 3 𝑥 +2 ) |+ ln |3 𝑥 −2|+ 𝑐
2
¿ 𝑥−
3 3

| |
You can combine the
1 (3 𝑥 −2) natural logarithms (be
¿ 𝑥+ 𝑙𝑛 2
+𝑐
3 ( 3 𝑥+2) careful, the negative
goes on the
denominator…)
11
Teachings for
Exercise 11H
 Integration ( 4+ 3 𝑥 )
1
2
Differentiate
𝑦 1( −
1
using the
chain rule
4+ 3 𝑥 ) 2 (3)
2
You can use any of the Simplify
1
integration methods you have 9 3 −
¿ ( 4 +3 𝑥 ) 2

learned in order to find areas 2 2

under or between curves (as
in Year 12) This gives us the integral
below, but 6 times too

𝑅 small

The diagram shows part of the  So the original guess

curve: needs to be multiplied by
𝑥 6
0
4
4
9
∫ √ 4+3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
0
4 1
Rewrite as a power
−

The region is bounded by the ¿ ∫ 9 ( 4 +3 𝑥 )

2
𝑑𝑥
0 Integrate (see what would
curve, the x-axis, and the lines differentiate to first…)
[ ]
1 4
and , and shown. Use integration
¿ 6 ( 4 +3 𝑥 ) 2
to find the area of . 0
Sub in values and
subtract
( ) − ( 6 ( 4 +3 (0)) )
1 1
¿ 6 ( 4+ 3( 4) ) 2 2

Calculate
¿12𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
11
 Integration
𝑦
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
You can use any of the 1
integration methods you have
learned in order to find areas
under or between curves (as
in Year 12) 𝑅

The diagram shows part of the

curves and , where: 𝑦 =𝑔 ( 𝑥)

𝜋 𝑥
0 2
To find the area between two curves, you can subtract
the ‘lower’ curve from the higher curve (as long as the
curves do not intersect between the limits)
𝜋
2

∫ ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
0
Sub in
𝜋
2 functions
The region is bounded by the two ¿ ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
curves. Use integration to find the
area of .
11
 Integration
𝜋
2

You can use any of the ¿ ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

0 Integrate each term
integration methods you have separately using the Sub in

[ ]
𝜋
learned in order to find areas 1 1 patterns below limits
¿ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 2
under or between curves (as 2 3 0
in Year 12)

(
¿ −
1
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )
𝜋
2
1
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
3 𝜋
2 ( ))− (− 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(0)+ 13 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0))
3

The diagram shows part of the

curves and , where: 2
¿
3 Calculat
e

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Differentiate Differentiate
−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2
−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

The region is bounded by the two So we need to divide the So we need to divide the
curves. Use integration to find the original guess by original guess by
area of .
11
Teachings for
Exercise 11I
 Integration
y
Sometimes you may need to find the y0
area beneath a curve which is very hard y1
to Integrate. In this case you can use
the ‘trapezium rule’ to approximate the y2
area y3

Imagine we had a curve as shown to the

right, and we wanted to find the area in the
region indicated a h h h b x

 We could split the region into strips, all of

the same height (in this case 3), and work y
out the area of each strip as a trapezium
y0 y1
y2
y3 y
4 y
 We could then add them together and the 5
area would be an approximation for the
area under the curve

 If we want a better approximation, we just a h h h h h b

need to use more strips…
x

11I
 Integration
Sometimes you may need to find the
area beneath a curve which is very
hard to Integrate. In this case you y0 y1 y1 y2
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to y2 y3
approximate the area

h h h
Lets see what the algebra would look like 1 1 1
for using the trapezium rule in a 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎= ℎ ( 𝑦 0 + 𝑦 1) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎= ℎ ( 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2 ) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎= ℎ ( 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
question… 2 2 2

y +

1
¿ ℎ ( 𝑦 0 + 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2+ 𝑦 3 )
2
y0 y1 y2 y3 1
¿ ℎ ¿
2
h h h x

11I
 Integration
Sometimes you may need to find the
area beneath a curve which is very
hard to Integrate. In this case you
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to
approximate the area

As a general case, the trapezium rule

looks like this:
𝑏
1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 2
ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

and
𝑏 −𝑎 You get given this in the
ℎ=
𝑛 formula booklet!

The height of each strip is

given by the difference
between the limits, divided by
‘n’, the number of strips…
11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

Sometimes you may need to find the 𝑏 −𝑎

area beneath a curve which is very ℎ=
hard to Integrate. In this case you
𝑛 Sub in values
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to from the
approximate the area 2− 0 question
ℎ=
4
Calculate
Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the
𝑦 =√ 2 𝑥+ 3
curve: ℎ=0 . 5
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 So the height (horizontally!) of each strip
will be 0.5 units
 You will not need to integrate at all to
do this!

 Start by finding the height of each

strip…
 h = 0.5

11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

Between x = 0 and x = 2, the height of

Sometimes you may need to find the each strip is 0.5…
area beneath a curve which is very
hard to Integrate. In this case you
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to
approximate the area x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y 1.732 2 2.236 2.449 2.646
Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the
𝑦 =√ 2 𝑥+ 3
curve:

For each of these values of x, calculate the

Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2
value of y by substituting it into the
equation of the curve
 You will not need to integrate at all to  These are the heights of each strip!
do this!
 You can now substitute these values into
the formula (the first is y0, the second is
 Start by finding the height of each
y1 etc)
strip…
 h = 0.5

 Now draw up a table and work out y

values at the appropriate x positions
between 0 and 2…
11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

Sometimes you may need to find the

area beneath a curve which is very x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
hard to Integrate. In this case you
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to y 1.732 2 2.236 2.449 2.646
approximate the area

𝑏
Using 4 strips, estimate the area under the 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 1 ℎ 𝑦 +2 ( 𝑦 + 𝑦 +...+ 𝑦
∫ [ ]
0 1 2 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛

𝑦 =√ 2 𝑥+ 3 2
curve: 𝑎

2
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2 ∫ √2 𝑥+ 3 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ( 0 .5) [ 1 .732+ 2 ( 2+ 2 .236 +2 . 449 ) + 2. 646
0

 Now sub the values you worked out into

the formula – the first value for y is y0
¿ 4.437 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
and the last is yn

11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

Sometimes you may need to find the 𝑏 −𝑎

ℎ=
area beneath a curve which is very 𝑛 Sub in values
hard to Integrate. In this case you
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to from the
approximate the area 2− 0 question
ℎ=
8
Calculate
Using 8 strips, estimate the area under the
ℎ=0 . 25
𝑦 =√ 2 𝑥+ 3
curve:

So the height (horizontally!) of each strip

will be 0.25 units
Between the lines x = 0 and x = 2

 Start by finding the height of each

strip…
 h = 0.25

11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

Between x = 0 and x = 2, the height of

Sometimes you may need to find the each strip is 0.25…
area beneath a curve which is very
hard to Integrate. In this case you x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
can use the ‘trapezium rule’ to
approximate the area y 1.732 1.871 2 2.121 2.236

Using 8 strips, estimate the area under the x 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
𝑦 =√ 2 𝑥+ 3
curve:
y 2.345 2.449 2.550 2.646

𝑏
Between
1 the lines x = 0 and x = 2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 2
ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

∫ √2 𝑥+ 3 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ( 0 . 25)[ 1 . 732+2 ( 1. 871+2+ 2 .121+2 . 236+ 2. 345+ 2 . 449+2 . 550 ) +2 . 646 ]

0

¿ 4.440 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Note that this will be a better estimate as the area was split into more strips!
11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

𝜋
Sometimes you may need to find 3 1
the area beneath a curve which [
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥≈ 2 ℎ 𝑦 𝑜 +2 ( 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2 + …+ 𝑦 𝑛 −1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
is very hard to Integrate. In this 0
case you can use the ‘trapezium
rule’ to approximate the area h is the height of each strip
 In the table it is given by the gaps between the x values
used
Complete the table of values and  The y values correspond to y0, y1 etc…
use it to find an estimate for: 1
≈ ℎ [ 𝑦 𝑜 +2 ( 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2 + …+ 𝑦 𝑛 −1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝜋
2
3

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Be very careful
here – it is easy
≈ ( )
1 𝜋
2 12
[ 1+ 2 ( 1 . 035+1 . 155+1 . 414 ) +2 ]
h h h h to make an error

x 0 π
12
π
6
π
4
π
3
on your
calculator!
≈ ( 24
𝜋
) [ 10 . 208 ]
Calculate and
round the
y 1 1.03 1.15 1.41 2
5 5 4
answer! ≈ 1 . 34
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4

Calculate the values in the table by

substituting the x-values into the
equation above…
11I
 𝑏

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12 ℎ [ 𝑦 0 +2 ( 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 +...+ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
𝑎

Integration
𝑏 −𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛

𝑏 −𝑎
Sometimes you may need to find ℎ=
the area beneath a curve which
𝑛 Sub in b, a and n
is very hard to Integrate. In this (number of strips)
case you can use the ‘trapezium 2− 0
ℎ=
rule’ to approximate the area 4 We can then find
the height of each
ℎ=0 . 5 strip!
Use the trapezium rule with 4 strips
to find an approximation for: 1
≈ ℎ [ 𝑦 𝑜 +2 ( 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2 + …+ 𝑦 𝑛 −1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
0
≈ ( 0 . 5 ) [ 0 +2 ( 0 . 24+ 0 . 84+1 . 50 ) +1 . 82 ]
Be very 2
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 careful
here! ≈ ( 0 . 25 ) [ 6 .98 ]
y 0 0.24 0.84 1.50 1.82 Calculate
and round
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 the
answer! ≈ 1 .745

11I
Teachings for
Exercise 11J
 Integration
Starting with a differential equation in both and
You need to be able to form
and solve differential 𝑑𝑦
equations, using a technique = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑦 )
called separation of variables 𝑑𝑥
Multiply by
𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔 ( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
 This often involves having a Divide by
differential in terms of both 1
𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
and , and reconstructing the 𝑔( 𝑦 ) Integrate both sides
original function (since the terms are
now fully separated
1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 into and parts)

11J
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integration
You need to be able to form ( 1+ 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 =𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
and solve differential 𝑑𝑥
Multiply by
equations, using a technique
called separation of variables ( 1+ 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 =𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Divide by
1
( 1+ 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦=𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find a general solution to the 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 Divide by
differential equation: 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 1+ 𝑥
2
Integrate both
1 𝑥 sides
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦=∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite left
 First you need to separate the
𝑥 side
variables, by getting all the
terms on one side and all the ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑦=∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
terms on the other, along with
their respective and parts
We are now going to integrate both
sides…

11J
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integration
Integrate using the
𝑥
You need to be able to form
and solve differential
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑦= ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 techniques you have learned

 The formula booklet

equations, using a technique contains a few extra integrals
1
𝑙 𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦¿| 2 𝑙𝑛|1+ 𝑥 |+ 𝑐
2 that you can use!
called separation of variables
Since is just a number, it can
be written as of another
1 number (this will help when
Find a general solution to the 𝑙 𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦|= 𝑙𝑛|1+ 𝑥 2|+𝑙𝑛𝑘 grouping terms)
differential equation: 2
Use the power

| |
1 law
𝑙 𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦|=𝑙𝑛 ( 1+ 𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑘
2 2

Use the addition

𝑙 𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦|=𝑙𝑛|𝑘 ( 1+ 𝑥 ) |
1 law
You only need to put the on one side
2 2
Finally, we can remove the
 This is because althoughlogarithm
there would potentially
since both sides
1
be a constant on both sides, have
we could then
a single group
term
𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑦 =𝑘 (them ) one side afterwards
2 2
1+ 𝑥on

11J
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integration
You need to be able to form
and solve differential
equations, using a technique
called separation of variables

𝑘=0 . 4 𝑘=0 . 3
Find a general solution to the 𝑘=0 .1
differential equation:
𝑘=0 . 2

1
𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑦 =𝑘 ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2

The reason that this is called the general solution is because it contains an unknown
constant

 Ultimately we have just found the equation of a line, but we do not know the specific line
yet (we would need a coordinate on the like to be able to do that…)

11J
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integration
𝑑𝑦 − 3( 𝑦 − 2)
=
You need to be able to form 𝑑𝑥 (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥+ 2)
Divide by (y – 2)
and solve differential
Multiply by dx
equations, using a technique 1 −3
called separation of variables 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −2 (2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 +2) We need to Integrate
each side
1 −3
Find the particular solution of
the differential equation: ∫ 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦=∫ (2 𝑥 +1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 Separate the right hand
𝑑𝑦 − 3( 𝑦 − 2) side into partial
= 1 1 2
𝑑𝑥 (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥+ 2) ∫ 𝑦 − 2 ∫ 𝑥+2 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦= − 𝑑𝑥
fractions
Now integrate
and include
given that x = 1 when y = 4 𝑙𝑛| 𝑦 −2|=𝑙𝑛|𝑥 +2|− 𝑙𝑛|2 𝑥+1|+𝑙𝑛𝑘 Combine 2 terms
using the division

Finding the particular solution

means you are also able to find
𝑙𝑛| 𝑦 −2|=𝑙𝑛 |
𝑥+ 2
2 𝑥+1
+ 𝑙𝑛𝑘| Include the using
law

| |
the unknown value (or or 𝑘( 𝑥 +2) the multiplication law
whatever it is called!) 𝑙𝑛| 𝑦 −2|=𝑙𝑛
2 𝑥 +1 Finally remove the
logarithms (you could also
You start by finding the general 𝑘 ( 𝑥+ 2) move the -2 across by
solution as before… 𝑦 − 2= adding 2)
2 𝑥 +1
11J
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑔( 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integration
𝑘 ( 𝑥+ 2)
𝑦 − 2=
You need to be able to form 2 𝑥 +1
Rearrange to get y = f(x)
and solve differential
equations, using a technique 𝑘( 𝑥+ 2) (this isn’t essential but can
𝑦= +2 help!)
called separation of variables 2 𝑥+ 1
Sub in y = 4 and x
= 1 from the
𝑘( 1+ 2) question
4= +2
Find the particular solution of 2(1)+ 1 Simplify the
the differential equation: 3𝑘
fraction parts
4= +2
𝑑𝑦 − 3( 𝑦 − 2) 3
= Subtract 2
𝑑𝑥 (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥+ 2) 2=
3𝑘
3
given that x = 1 when y = 4 Multiply by
6=3 𝑘 3
Divide by 3
Finding the particular solution 2=𝑘
means you are also able to find
the unknown value (or or k=2
whatever it is called!) 𝑘 ( 𝑥+ 2) 2( 𝑥+ 2)
𝑦= +2 𝑦= +2
You start by finding the general 2 𝑥+ 1 2 𝑥 +1
solution as before… General Solution Particular Solution
for y = 4 when x = 1
11J
Teachings for
Exercise 11K
 Integration
𝑑𝑃
You need to be able to use =3 𝑃
𝑑𝑡
differential equations to Multiply by
model situations in context
𝑑 𝑃=3 𝑃 𝑑𝑡
Divide by
1
The rate of increase of a 𝑑 𝑃=3 𝑑𝑡
𝑃
population P of micro organisms Write
at time t, in hours, is given by: 1 integrals
∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑃=∫ 3𝑑𝑡 Integrate (since we know that the
population will be positive, we do not
need the modulus sign)
𝑙𝑛𝑃 =3 𝑡 + 𝑐
Inverse logarithm

Initially, the population was of 𝑃=𝑒3 𝑡 + 𝑐

This can be written as two
size 8. powers of multiplied together
𝑃=𝑒𝑐 𝑒 3 𝑡
Since is a constant, so is . We can
a) Find a model for in the form , therefore write is as a single letter
stating the value of . 𝑃= 𝐴𝑒 3 𝑡

11K
 Integration
3𝑡
You need to be able to use 𝑃= 𝐴𝑒
differential equations to At time ,
model situations in context 3 (0)
(8)= 𝐴 𝑒
0
𝑒 =1
The rate of increase of a 8= 𝐴
We can now
population of micro organisms at complete the
time , in hours, is given by: 𝑃=8 𝑒
3𝑡
formula

𝑃=8 𝑒 3 𝑡
Initially, the population was of
size 8.

a) Find a model for in the form ,

stating the value of .

11K
 Integration
3𝑡
You need to be able to use 𝑃=8 𝑒
differential equations to Sub in
model situations in context 𝑃=8 𝑒
3(2)

Calculate

The rate of increase of a 𝑃=3227 . 4

population of micro organisms at Round as instructed
time , in hours, is given by: 𝑃=3200

𝑃=8 𝑒 3 𝑡
Initially, the population was of
size 8.

b) Find, to the nearest hundred,

the size of the population at the
time

11K
 Integration
3𝑡
You need to be able to use 𝑃=8 𝑒 If the starting population is 8, we
differential equations to want to know when it will be 8000
model situations in context 8000=8 𝑒
3𝑡

Divide by
3𝑡 8
1000=𝑒
The rate of increase of a Take natural logarithms of
population of micro organisms at both sides
time , in hours, is given by: 𝑙𝑛 ⁡(1000)=3 𝑡
Divide by
𝑙𝑛 ⁡( 1000) 3
=𝑡
3 Calculate (and then convert
into hours and minutes)
𝑃=8 𝑒 3 𝑡 2 . 30 …=𝑡
Initially, the population was of
size 8.
So the time will be approximately 2 hours and 18 minutes

c) Find the time at which the

population will be 1000 times its
starting value.

11K
 Integration
You need to be able to use
differential equations to
model situations in context

The rate of increase of a

population of micro organisms at
time , in hours, is given by:

𝑃=8 𝑒 3 𝑡
Initially, the population was of
size 8.
It is not possible for a population to
d) State one limitation of this grow exponentially forever, since
model for large values of they will eventually start to run out
of food or space

11K
 Integration
You need to be able to use 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
differential equations to =¿ ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉
model situations in context
ℎ
Water in a manufacturing plant is
held in a large cylindrical tank of
diameter 20m. Water flows out of
the bottom of the tank through a We are told We can also
20 𝑚
tap at a rate proportional to the how the create a
cube root of the volume (of the volume of formula
water). water changes linking the
with respect volume of the
to time… water to its
a) Show that minutes after the height
tap is opened, for some
constant .

 Think back to the differentiation

chapter – can we write as a
product of other differentials?

11K
 Integration
You need to be able to use 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
differential equations to =¿ ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉
model situations in context
ℎ
Water in a manufacturing plant is
held in a large cylindrical tank of
diameter 20m. Water flows out of
the bottom of the tank through a 𝑉 =𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ 20 𝑚
Sub in
tap at a rate proportional to the 2
cube root of the volume (of the 𝑉 = 𝜋 (10) ℎ
water). Simplify
𝑉 =100 𝜋 ℎ
Differentiate
a) Show that minutes after the 𝑑𝑉
=100 𝜋
tap is opened, for some 𝑑ℎ
constant . Invert
𝑑ℎ 1
=
𝑑ℎ 1 𝑑𝑉 100 𝜋
=
𝑑𝑉 100 𝜋

11K
 Integration
You need to be able to use 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
differential equations to =¿ ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉
model situations in context
ℎ
Water in a manufacturing plant is
held in a large cylindrical tank of
diameter 20m. Water flows out of
the bottom of the tank through a 20 𝑚
𝑑𝑉
tap at a rate proportional to the =¿ −𝑐 √3 𝑉
cube root of the volume (of the 𝑑𝑡 Replace with the expression
water). forwater
So the rate of flow of volume in terms
over timeof is
𝑑𝑉
=− 𝑐 √ 𝜋 𝑟toℎthe cube root of the volume
3 2
proportional
𝑑𝑡 remaining Sub in
a) Show that minutes after the
𝑑𝑉
tap is opened, for some
constant .
 This=−
𝑑𝑡
means √3
𝑐 𝜋that
2
ℎ rate of flow can be written
(10)the
as where is a constantSimplify
to be found, and is the
𝑑𝑉 volume remaining
=− 𝑐 √ 1 00 𝜋 ℎ
3
𝑑ℎ 1 𝑑𝑉
=− 𝑐 √ 1 00 𝜋 ℎ 𝑑𝑡
3
= It is negative since the rate of flow will be
𝑑𝑉 100 𝜋 𝑑𝑡
decreasing

Be careful here – it is not , the 3 is part of the cube

root!
11K
 Integration
You need to be able to use 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
differential equations to =¿ ×
Replace 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉
model situations in context using the
expression
𝑑ℎ 1 ℎ
√ 100 𝜋×ℎ
=¿−𝑐 3
s we found

Water in a manufacturing plant is Separate

𝑑𝑡 100 𝜋
held in a large cylindrical tank of the cube
diameter 20m. Water flows out of roots 𝑑ℎ 1
the bottom of the tank through a 𝑑𝑡 √ 100 𝜋 √ ℎ 100 𝜋
=¿−𝑐 3 3× 20 𝑚
tap at a rate proportional to the Group the
cube root of the volume (of the constant
𝑑ℎ −𝑐 √ 100 𝜋
3
terms
water).
𝑑𝑡
=¿
100 𝜋
3
√ℎ
a) Show that minutes after the
tap is opened, for some So therefore:
constant .
𝑑ℎ , where
=−𝑘 √ ℎ
3

𝑑ℎ 1 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑐 √ 1 00 𝜋 ℎ
3
=
𝑑𝑉 100 𝜋 𝑑𝑡

11K
 Integration
𝑑ℎ
=−𝑘 √ ℎ
3
𝑑𝑡 Multiply by
You need to be able to use
𝑑ℎ=−𝑘 √ ℎ𝑑𝑡
3
differential equations to
model situations in context 1 Divide by
𝑑ℎ=−𝑘 𝑑𝑡
√3 ℎ Write as integrals
1
Water in a manufacturing plant is
held in a large cylindrical tank of ∫ 3 ℎ 𝑑ℎ=∫ − 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
diameter 20m. Water flows out of √ 1
Rewrite the left
side as a power
the bottom of the tank through a −
tap at a rate proportional to the
cube root of the volume (of the ∫ℎ 3
ℎ
𝑑ℎ=∫ −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
2
3
=− 𝑘 𝑡 + 𝑐
Integrate both sides,
remember to include a
water). 2 constant
3 Multiply both sides by
2
3 2 2
b) Show that the general solution ℎ =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
3 3
to this differential equation may Cube both

( )
3
be written as , where and are 2 2 2 sides
constants
ℎ = − 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
3 3 Square root both sides (think
about how this affects the

( )
3
2 2 powers)
ℎ= − 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 2
3 3 Swap the order of the

( )
3
2 2 2 terms inside the bracket
ℎ= 𝑐 − 𝑘𝑡
3 3
11K
 Integration
( )
3
2 2
You need to be able to use ℎ= 𝑐 − 𝑘𝑡 2

differential equations to 3 3
model situations in context Let , and
3
2
ℎ=( 𝑃 −𝑄𝑡 )
Water in a manufacturing plant is
held in a large cylindrical tank of
diameter 20m. Water flows out of Note that Note that since
the bottom of the tank through a since is a is a constant, so
tap at a rate proportional to the constant, so is is
cube root of the volume (of the
water).

b) Show that the general solution

to this differential equation may
be written as , where and are
constants

11K
 Integration
3
2
You need to be able to use
ℎ=( 𝑃 −𝑄𝑡 )
differential equations to When , , and we now
When ,
model situations in context know
3 3

27=( 𝑃 −𝑄 (0) ) 2
8=( 9 −𝑄 (10) ) 2

Water in a manufacturing plant is 3

Simplify
3 Simplify
held in a large cylindrical tank of 2
diameter 20m. Water flows out of 27= 𝑃 2
Cube root
8=( 9− 10 𝑄 ) Cube root
the bottom of the tank through a 1 both sides
1
2
both sides
tap at a rate proportional to the 3= 𝑃 2
2=( 9 −10 𝑄 ) Square
Square
cube root of the volume (of the both sides both sides
water). 3 3
9=𝑃 4=9 −10 𝑄 Add ,
2
ℎ=( 9𝑃−−𝑄𝑡
0 .5 𝑡) 2) subtract 5

Initially, the height of the water is

10 𝑄=5
Divide by
27m. 10 minutes later, the height
is 8m.
𝑄=0 . 5 10

c) Find the values of the

constants and

11K
 Integration
3
2
You need to be able to use ℎ=( 9 − 0 .5 𝑡 ) We want to find
differential equations to 3 when
model situations in context 1= ( 9 −0 . 5 𝑡 )
2
Cube root both sides
1
2
1= ( 9 −0 . 5 𝑡 )
Water in a manufacturing plant is Square both sides
held in a large cylindrical tank of
diameter 20m. Water flows out of 1=9 −0 . 5 𝑡 Subtract 9
the bottom of the tank through a
tap at a rate proportional to the − 8=−0 . 5 𝑡
cube root of the volume (of the Divide by -
water). 3
2
16=𝑡 0.5
ℎ=( 9 − 0 .5 𝑡 )
Initially, the height of the water is
27m. 10 minutes later, the height
is 8m.

d) Find the time in minutes when

the water is at a depth of 1m

11K
Extra Content
this was added afte
the scheme started!
 Integration
You need to be able to find the
area under a curve when it is
given by Parametric equations

The Area under a curve is given by: Integrate the

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
By the Chain rule:
equation with respect
to x

𝑑𝑥 Integrate the whole expression with

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 respect to t
(Remember you don’t have to do
anything with the dt at the end!)

y multiplied by dx/dt (x
differentiated with
respect to t)

EXTRA CONTENT
 𝑑𝑥 Integration
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 3
You need to be able to find the 𝑥=5 𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡
area under a curve when it is Differentiate
given by Parametric equations
𝑑𝑥
=10 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
2
A curve has Parametric equations:
2 3
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥=5 𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡 1 Sub in y and
dx
/dt
2

Work out:
∫ 𝑡 3 (10 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
1
Multiply
2 2

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 ∫ 10 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
1 Remember to
1
Integrate now. A

[ ]
2
10 𝑡 5 5 2
common mistake is
¿ ¿ [ 2 𝑡 ]1 forgetting to!
5 1 Sub in the two

¿ ¿− ¿
limits

Work out the

¿ ( 64−
) (2 ) answer!

¿ 62 EXTRA CONTENT
 𝑑𝑥 Integration
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
You need to be able to find the
area under a curve when it is
given by Parametric equations

R
The diagram shows a sketch of the
curve with Parametric equations:
0 9
𝑥=𝑡 𝑦 =2 𝑡(3 −𝑡) 𝑡 ≥ 0
2

2 2
The curve meets the x-axis at x = 0
i) 𝑥=𝑡 x=0
ii) 𝑥=𝑡 x=9
2 2
and x = 9. The shaded region is 0=𝑡 Square
9=𝑡 Square
bounded by the curve and the x-axis.
0=𝑡 root ± 3=𝑡 root
t≥0
3=𝑡
a) Find the value of t when:
i) x=0
Normally when you integrate to find an area, you use the
ii) x=9
limits of x, and substitute them into the equation
When integrating using Parametric Equations, you need to
b) Find the Area of R use the limits of t (since we integrate with respect to t, not x)
The limits of t are worked out using the limits of x, as we
have just done
EXTRA CONTENT
 𝑑𝑥 Integration
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 =2 𝑡(3 −𝑡)
You need to be able to find the
area under a curve when it is
given by Parametric equations 𝑥=𝑡 2
Differentiate
𝑑𝑥
The diagram shows a sketch of the
R 𝑑𝑡
=2 𝑡
curve with Parametric equations:
0 9
𝑥=𝑡 𝑦 =2 𝑡(3 −𝑡) 𝑡 ≥ 0
2
3

The curve meets the x-axis at x = 0

∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0
and x = 9. The shaded region is Sub in y and dx
/dt
3
bounded by the curve and the x-axis.
∫ 2𝑡 ( 3 − 𝑡 ) ( 2𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
0
3
Multiply
a) Find the value of t when:
∫ 12 𝑡 2 3
− 4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
i) x=0 0 INTEGRATE!!

[ ]
3 4 3 (don’t forget!)
ii) x=9 12 𝑡 4𝑡 3
¿ − ¿ [ 4 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 ]0
3 4 0 Sub in 3 and 0

b) Find the Area of R ¿ ( 4 (3)3 −(3)4−) ( 4 ( 0)3 −( 0)4 )

Work out the answer
 Limits of t are 3 and 0 ¿ ( 108 − 81 )
¿ 27 EXTRA CONTENT
 𝑑𝑥 Integration
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
You need to be able to find the
area under a curve when it is
given by Parametric equations

0 8
The diagram shows a sketch of the
curve with Parametric equations:

2 2
𝑥=2 𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡 (4 −𝑡 )
Calculate the finite area inside the 2 2
loop… 𝑥=2 𝑡 x=0
𝑥=2 𝑡 x=8
2 2
We have the x limits, we need 0=2 𝑡 Halve and 8=2 𝑡 Halve and
the t limits square root square root
0=𝑡 ± 2=𝑡
Our t values are 0 and ±2
We have 3 t values. We now have to integrate
twice, once using 2 and once using -2
 One gives the area above the x-axis, and the
other the area below
(in this case the areas are equal but only since the
graph is symmetrical)

EXTRA CONTENT
 𝑑𝑥 Integration
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥=2 𝑡 2
2
You need to be able to find the 𝑦 =𝑡 (4 −𝑡 )
area under a curve when it is Differentiate
given by Parametric equations
𝑑𝑥
=4 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
2
The diagram shows a sketch of the
curve with Parametric equations: ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0
Sub in y and dx
/dt
2
2 2
𝑥=2 𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡 (4 −𝑡 ) ∫ 𝑡 ( 4 −𝑡 2) (4 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
0
The t limits are 0 and Multiply out
±2 area inside the
Calculate the finite 2

loop… ∫ 16 𝑡 2 − 4 𝑡4 𝑑𝑡
0
INTEGRATE!!!!

[ ]
3 5 2
16 𝑡 4𝑡
¿ −
3 5 0
Sub in 2 and 0

( )( )
3 5 3 5
16(2) 4 (2) 16( 0) 4( 0)
¿ − − −
3 5 3 5
0 8
1
¿ 17
15
At this point we can just double the answer, but just to
show you the other pairs give the same answer (as the
graph was symmetrical)
EXTRA CONTENT
 𝑑𝑥 Integration
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥=2 𝑡 2
2
You need to be able to find the 𝑦 =𝑡 (4 −𝑡 )
area under a curve when it is Differentiate
given by Parametric equations
𝑑𝑥
=4 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0
The diagram shows a sketch of the
curve with Parametric equations: ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−2
Sub in y and dx
/dt
0
2 2
𝑥=2 𝑡 𝑦 =𝑡 (4 −𝑡 ) ∫ 𝑡 (4 −𝑡2 ) ( 4 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
−2
The t limits are 0 and Multiply out
±2 area inside the
Calculate the finite 0

loop… ∫ 16 𝑡 2 − 4 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
−2
INTEGRATE!!!!

[ ]
3 5 0
16 𝑡 4𝑡
¿ −
3 5 −2
Sub in 0 and -2

( )( )
3 5 3 5
16( 0) 4 ( 0) 16(− 2) 4 (− 2)
¿ − − −
3 5 3 5 Here you end up
0 8 subtracting a
1
¿ 17 negative…
15
Double
2
¿ 34
15
EXTRA CONTENT