Module: 1

Introduction To Al and Production Systems

Course Title: Artificial Intelligence

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What is AI:
• In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with different new
technologies day by day.
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-
made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power.“
• It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and
solving problems.
• It is currently working with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-driving
cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.
• The term AI is invented by Alan Mathison Turing (Alan Turing) in the year 1950 published "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence," introducing the Turing test and opening the doors to what would be known as
AI.

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History of AI:
 The history of AI is a fascinating journey spanning centuries.
 Early Beginnings (1943-1950):
• Ancient Myths: The idea of artificial beings dates back to ancient myths of robots and automata, like
the Greek myth of Talos and the Jewish legend of Golem.
• 19th Century Foundations: Philosophers like Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage laid the
groundwork for AI with their theoretical work on programmable machines.
 The Birth of AI (1950-1956):
• Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950): This paper proposed the "Turing
Test" as a way to measure machine intelligence, igniting the debate about AI's potential.
• Dartmouth Conference (1956): Considered the official birth of AI as a field, the conference brought
together leading researchers and coined the term "artificial intelligence."
• Early AI Programs: Programs like the Logic Theorist (1955) and Samuel's checkers program (1952)
demonstrated the potential for AI in problem-solving and learning.

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History of AI (contd.,):
 Rise and Fall (1957-1974):
• Golden Age of AI: The 1960s saw rapid progress with breakthroughs in natural language
processing, robotics, and expert systems.
• The AI Winter: By the mid-1970s, unfulfilled promises and limited computing power led to funding
cuts and skepticism, ushering in a period of decline.
 Resurgence and Transformation (1975-Present):
• Connectionism and Machine Learning: The rise of neural networks and machine learning algorithms
revived AI research in the 1980s and 90s.
• Big Data and Deep Learning: The availability of vast datasets and powerful computers led to the
"deep learning revolution" of the 2010s, enabling breakthroughs in speech recognition, image
recognition, and natural language processing.
• Present and Future: AI is now ubiquitous, impacting various sectors from healthcare and finance to
transportation and entertainment. The future of AI promises further advancements and ethical
considerations as we navigate its evolving capabilities.

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Why Artificial Intelligence(AI) and Importance:

• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems very
easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri,
etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival of
humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

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Goals of Artificial Intelligence(AI):
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.

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Applications of AI:

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Applications of AI (contd.,):
1. Astronomy: AI technology can be helpful for understanding to solve complex universe problems such as
how it works, origin, etc.
2. Healthcare: Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
3. Gaming: AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large
number of possible places.
4. Finance: The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm
trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
5. Data Security: AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot,
AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. Social Media: Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
7. Travel & Transport: AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.

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Applications of AI (contd.,):
8. Automotive Industry: AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has
introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant. Driving cars, drones, and robots using sensors and
navigation algorithms.
9. Robotics: Humanoid Robots are recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has
been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. Entertainment: AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such as Netflix
or Amazon.
11. Agriculture: Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis.
12. Education: AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
13. E-Commerce: AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.

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Types of AI:

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Types of AI (contd.,):
1. Reactive Machines: Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of AI. Such AI systems do not store
memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only focus on current scenarios. For
Example: IBM's Deep Blue system , and Google's AlphaGo.
2. Limited Memory: Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time. These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only. For Example: Self-driving cars.
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
• For examples: Kismet is a robot head made in the late 90s by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology
researcher. Kismet can mimic human emotions and recognize them.
• Sophia from Hanson Robotics is another example where the theory of mind AI was implemented.
Cameras present in Sophia's eyes, combined with computer algorithms, allow her to see. She can
sustain eye contact, recognize individuals, and follow faces.
4. Self Awareness: Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. These machines will be
smarter than human mind.

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Advantages of AI:

1. High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy as it
takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
2. High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI systems
can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
3. High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with
high accuracy.
4. Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the
ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
5. Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI technology is
currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
6. Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which can
make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language
processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

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Disadvantages of AI:

1. High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance
to meet current world requirements.
2. Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work
out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
3. No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not have the
feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful
for users if the proper care is not taken.
4. Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
5. No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

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Problem Formulation:
 A problem is a specific task or challenge that requires finding a solution or making a decision.
 Problem formulation is the crucial first step in applying AI to solve a real-world problem. It involves
precisely defining and structuring the problem to ensure the AI approach aligns with the intended goals.
 Key Components to formulate the associated problem:
1. Initial State: This state requires an initial state for the problem which starts the AI agent towards a
specified goal. In this state new methods also initialize problem domain solving by a specific class.
2. Action: This stage of problem formulation works with function with a specific class taken from the
initial state and all possible actions done in this stage.
3. Transition: This stage of problem formulation integrates the actual action done by the previous action
stage and collects the final stage to forward it to their next stage.
4. Goal test: This stage determines that the specified goal achieved by the integrated transition model or
not, whenever the goal achieves stop the action and forward into the next stage to determines the cost
to achieve the goal.
5. Path costing: This component of problem-solving numerical assigned what will be the cost to achieve
the goal. It requires all hardware software and human working cost.
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Importance of Problem Formulation:
1. Provides Clarity: Problem formulation ensures that the problem is clearly understood and defined,
allowing developers and researchers to focus on finding appropriate solutions.
2. Facilitates Solution Design: A well-formulated problem provides insights into the key elements and
constraints, allowing for the design of appropriate algorithms and techniques to solve the problem efficiently.
3. Enables Evaluation: With a properly formulated problem, it becomes easier to evaluate the effectiveness
and performance of different AI systems or approaches against the defined objective.
4. Supports Iterative Improvement: Problem formulation allows for iterative improvements by providing a
clear baseline for comparison and identifying areas for enhancement.
5. Reduces Complexity: By breaking down a complex problem into specific components, problem
formulation helps in managing complexity and allows for the development of modular solutions.
6. Guides Data Collection and Preparation: A well-defined problem formulation helps in guiding the
collection and preparation of relevant data required for training an AI system.

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