UNIT-1

UNIT-2
UNIT-3
UNIT-4
BOOKS
 UNIT-1
Chapter-1
Number Systems and Codes
Binary, Octal,
Hexadecimal, and
Decimal Number System
and their Conversion
What is Digital Electronics?
Digital electronics is
the branch of
electronics which is
based on the
combination and
switching of voltages
called logic levels.
 Electronics circuits and systems are of two kinds -
analog and digital.

What is Analog circuits ?

 Analog circuits are those in
which voltages and currents
vary continuously through the
given range. They can take
infinite values within the
specified range.
 For example, the output voltage
from an audio amplifier might
be any one of the infinite values
between -10 V and +10 V at any
particular instant of time.
 What is Digital Circuit?
 A digital circuit is one in which the voltage levels
assume a finite number of distinct values. There
are just discrete voltage levels. However, each
voltage level in a particle digital system can be a
narrow band or range of voltages.

 Digital circuits are often called switching circuits

because the voltage levels in a digital circuit are
assumed to be switched from one value to
another instantaneously, i.e. the transition time is
assumed to be zero.

 Digital circuits are also called logic circuits because

each type of digital circuit obeys a certain set of
logic rules. The manner in which a logic circuit
responds to input is referred to as the circuit's
logic.
 Advantages of digital systems
 Digital systems are easier to design.
 Information storage is easy.
 Accuracy and precision are greater.
 Digital systems are more versatile.
 Digital circuits are less affected by noise.
 More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC
chips.
 What is number System?
 A number system is defined as the technique
of writing to express numbers.
 The number system has different bases and
the most common of them are the decimal,
binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
 The base or radix of the number system is the
total number of the digit used in the number
system.
 What is the need of Number System?
 Computers understand machine language. Every
letter, symbol etc. that we write in the instructions
given to computer, it gets converted into machine
language.
 This machine language comprises of numbers. In
order to understand the language used by computers
and other digital system it is crucial to have a better
understanding of number system.
 Types of Number System
 There are various types of
number systems used for
representing information.
 The number systems are
of following types.
1. Binary Number System
2. Decimal Number System
3. Octal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number
System
 1. Binary Number System
 Generally, a binary number system is used in the digital
computers.
 In this number system, it carries only two digits, either 0
or 1. So the base or radix of the number system is 2.
 There are two types of electronic pulses present in a
binary number system. The first one is the absence of an
electronic pulse representing '0'and second one is the
presence of electronic pulse representing '1'.
 Each digit is known as a bit.
 A four-bit collection (1101) is known as a nibble.
 A collection of eight bits (11001010) is known as a
byte.
 Examples
a) (10101)2
b) (11011.1101)2
c) (11001.11)2
d) (0.101)2
e) (110.1)2
 2. Decimal Number System
 The decimal numbers are used in our day to day
life.
 The decimal number system contains ten digits
and these digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9.
 The base or radix of the number system is
10 because total 10 digits are available in the
number system.
Examples:
a) (2546)10 b) (36.46)10 c) (4.567)10 d) (984.76)10
 3. Octal Number System
 The octal number system is a number system
which uses eight digits to express any number.
 The digits used are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7.
 The base of the octal number system or radix
is 8. This is because the total number of digits
in the number system is 8.
Examples:
a) (765)8 b) (23.46)8 c) (67.4)8 d) (2.546)8
 4. Hexadecimal Number System
 It is another technique to represent the number in the
digital system called the hexadecimal number system.
 The number system has a base of 16 means there are
total 16 symbols(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)
used for representing a number.
 The single-bit representation of decimal values10, 11,
12, 13, 14, and 15 are represented by A, B, C, D, E, and F.
 Only 4 bits are required for representing a number in a
hexadecimal number.
Examples:
a) (2C.4F)16 b) (7AD.9E)16 c)(81B.6F)16
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
Example: Convert the decimal number 43 in
to its binary equivalent.
Example: Convert the decimal number
10.25 in to its binary equivalent.
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example: Convert the decimal number 473 in
to its octal equivalent.
Example: Convert (0.513)10 to octal.
 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Example: Convert the decimal number 423 in to its hexadecimal
equivalent .
Example: Convert the (2598.675)10 to hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
Example: Convert the binary number
11010 in to its decimal equivalent.
Example: Convert the binary number
1010.01 in to its decimal equivalent.

(1010.01)2

= 1×23 + 0×22 + 1×21 + 0×20 + 0×2-1 + 1×2-2

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0.25

= 10.25

(1010.01)2 = (10.25)10
 Octal to Decimal Conversion
Example: Convert the octal number
726 in to its decimal equivalent.
Example: Convert the octal number
12.2 in to its decimal equivalent.
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Example: Convert the hexadecimal
number 27FA in to its decimal equivalent.
Example: Convert (A0F9.0EB)16 to
decimal.
Binary to octal and vice versa
Example: Convert the binary number
1101010 in to its octal equivalent.
Example: Convert the octal number 562 in
to its binary equivalent.
Binary to Hexadecimal and vice versa
Example: Convert the binary number
111101 in to its hexadecimal equivalent.
Example: Convert the hexadecimal
number 2AB in to its binary equivalent.
 Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion
• To convert an octal number to hexadecimal,
the simplest way is to first convert to binary
and then binary to hexadecimal.
Example: Convert 756.6038 to hexadecimal.
 Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion
• To convert a hexadecimal number to octal , the
simplest way is to first convert to binary and
then binary to octal.
Example: Convert B9F.AE16 to octal.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example:
Given that 1610 = 100b, find the value of b.
Solution
Given 1610 = 100b
Convert 100b to decimal.
Therefore, 16 = 1 × b2 + 0 × b1 + 0 × b0
or 16 = b2
or b = 4
Example: What should be the radix of the number
used in the following addition?
34 + 15 = 50
Solution
Given 34 + 15 = 50
or (34)r + (15)r = (50)r
or 3×r1 + 4×r0 + 1×r1 + 5×r0 = 5×r1 + 0×r0
or 3r + 4 + 1r + 5 = 5r + 0
or 4r + 9 = 5r
or 5r – 4r = 9
or r=9
Example: Determine the possible base in the
following arithmetic operation.

Solution