Scribd
Upload
19 views18 pages

Histo Math

Uploaded by

Nimrod Carolino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views18 pages

Histo Math

Uploaded by

Nimrod Carolino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

EUROPEAN

MATHEMATICS:
1200–1500
TOPICS

• The Liber abaci


• The Fibonacci Sequence
• The Liber Quadratorum
• The Flos
• HINDU–ARABIC NUMERALS
• TRIGONOMETRY: REGIOMONTANUS AND PITISCUS
• ALGEBRA: PACIOLI AND CHUQUET

2
LEONARDO PISA FIBONACCI

As soon as translations from Arabic into Latin


became generally available in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries, Western Europeans
began to learn about algebra. The first work
translated (by Robert of Chester in 1145) was
al-Khwarizmi’s Algebra, Leonardo who wrote
several mathematical works, the best known
of which is the Liber abaci.

3
LIBER ABACI (BOOK OF
COMPUTATION)

Liber Abaci was among the first


Western books to describe the
Hindu–Arabic numeral system and
to use symbols resembling modern
"Arabic numerals". The routine
computations that must be
performed when converting
currencies.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

The most famous (not the most


profound) of Leonardo’s
achievements is a problem from his
Liber abaci, whose second edition
appeared in 1202
Many curious representations of its
terms have been obtained, and
there is a mathematical journal, the
Fibonacci Quarterly, named in its
honor and devoted to its lore.

5
THE LIBER QUADRATORUM

In his Liber quadratorum [Book of Squares (Sigler, 1987)] Leonardo speculated


on the difference between square and nonsquare numbers. In the prologue,
addressed to the Emperor Frederick II, Leonardo says that he had been inspired
to write the book because a certain John of Palermo, whom he had met at
Frederick’s court, had challenged him to find a square number such that if 5 is
added to it or subtracted from it, the result is again a square.3 This question
inspired him to reflect on the difference between square and nonsquare
numbers.

6
THE FLOS

Leonardo’s approach to algebra begins to look modern in other ways as well. In one of
his works, called the Flos super solutionibus quarumdam questionum ad
numerum et ad geometriam vel ad utrumque pertinentum
He reports the challenge from John of Palermo mentioned above, which was to find a
number satisfying x Cube+ 2x + 10x = 20 using the methods given by Euclid in Book
10 of the Elements
Leonardo made two important contributions to algebra, one numerical and one
theoretical. The numerical contribution was to give the unique positive root in
sexagesimal notation correct to six places. The theoretical contribution was to show by
using divisibility properties of numbers that there cannot be a rational solution or a
solution obtained using only rational numbers and square roots of rational numbers.

7
HINDU ARABIC NUMERALS

The Liber abaci advocated the use of the


Hindu–Arabic numerals that we are familiar
with. Partly because of the influence of that
book, the advantages of this system came to
be appreciated, and within two centuries these
numerals were winning general acceptance. In
1478, an arithmetic was published in Treviso,
Italy, explaining the use of Hindu–Arabic
numerals and containing computations in the
form shown in Fig. 26.1 of Chapter 26. In the
sixteenth century, scholars such as Robert
Recorde (1510–1558) in Britain and Adam Ries
(1492–1559) in Germany, advocated the use
of the Hindu–Arabic system and established it
as a universal standard.

8
JORDANUS NEMORARIUS
The translator and editor of Jordanus’ book De numeris datis (On Given Numbers,
Hughes,1981, p. 11) says, “It is reasonable to assume. . . that Jordanus was
influenced by al- Khwarizmi’s work.” This conclusion was reached on the basis of
Jordanus’ classification of quadratic equations and his order of expounding the
three types, among other resemblances between the two works. De numeris datis
is the algebraic equivalent of Euclid’s Data. Where Euclid says that a line is given
(determined) if its ratio to a given line is given, Jordanus Nemorarius says that a
number is given if its ratio to a given number is given. The well-known elementary
fact that two numbers can be found if their sum and difference are known is
generalized to the theorem that any set of numbers can be found if the differences
of the successive numbers and the sum of all the numbers is known.
Jordanus Nemorarius uses letters representing abstract numbers. The assertion is
that there is only one (positive) number x such that x2 + αx = β, and that x can be
found if α and β are given.

9
NICOLE D’ORESME

A work entitled Tractatus de latitudinibus


formarum (Treatise on the Latitude of Forms)
was published in Paris in 1482 and ascribed to
Oresme, but probably written by one of his
students. It contains descriptions of the
graphical representation of “intensities.” This
concept finds various expressions in physics,
corresponding intuitively to the idea of
density. In Oresme’s language, an “intensity”
is any constant of proportionality. Velocity, for
example, is the “intensity” of motion. he
distinguished the intensio (the degree of heat
at each point) and the extensio (as the length
of the heated rod). These two terms were
often replaced by latitudo and longitudo.

10
TRIGONOMETRY: REGIOMONTANUS AND PITISCUS

In the late Middle Ages, the treatises


translated into Latin from Arabic and Greek
were made the foundation for ever more
elaborate mathematical theories.
Regiomontanus
Analytic geometry as we know it today
would be unthinkable without plane
trigonometry. Latin translations of Arabic
texts of trigonometry, such as the text of
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, began to circulate in
Europe in the late Middle Ages. These
works provided the foundation for such
books as De triangulis omnimodis (On
General Triangles) by Regiomontanus,

11
PITISCUS

A more advanced book on trigonometry, which reworked the reasoning of Heron on the
area of a triangle given its sides, was Trigonometriæ sive de dimensione triangulorum libri
quinque (Five Books of Trigonometry, or, On the Size of Triangles), published in 1595
and written by the Calvinist theologian Bartholomeus Pitiscus (1561–1613). This was the
book that established the name trigonometry for this subject even though the basic functions
are called circular functions (Fig. 29.3). Pitiscus showed how to determine the parts into
which a side of a triangle is divided by the altitude, given the lengths of the three sides, or,
conversely, to determine one side of a triangle knowing the other two sides and the length
of the portion of the third side cut off by the altitude. To guarantee that the angles adjacent
to the side were acute, he stated the theorem only for the altitude from the vertex of the
largest angle.
12
PITISCUS

13
ALGEBRA: PACIOLI AND CHUQUET

The fourteenth century, in which Nicole d’Oresme made such remarkable


advances in geometry and nearly created analytic geometry, was also a time
of rapid advance in algebra,epitomized by Antonio de’ Mazzinghi (ca. 1353–
1383). His Trattato d’algebra (Treatise onAlgebra) contains some complicated
systems of linear and quadratic equations in as many as three unknown
(Franci, 1988). He was one of the earliest algebraists to move the subject
toward the numerical and away from the geometric interpretation of problems.

14
LUCA PACIOLI

In the fifteenth century, Luca Pacioli wrote Summa de arithmetica,


geometrica, proportioniet proportionalita (Encyclopedia of Arithmetic,
Geometry, Proportion, and Proportionality), which was closer to the
elementary work of al-Khwarizmi and more geometrical in its approach to
algebra than was the work of Mazzinghi. Actually, (Parshall, 1988) the work
was largely a compilation of the works of Leonardo of Pisa, but it did bring the
art of abbreviation closer to true symbolic notation.

15
CHUQUET
According to Flegg (1988), on whose work the following exposition is based, there
were
several new things in the Triparty. One is a superscript notation similar to the modern
notation for the powers of the unknown in an equation. The unknown itself is called
the

16
CHUQUET

17
THANK YOU

You might also like