Thermodyna

mics
builds on Kinetic theory and the
behavior of gases
1. When heating a solution, a scientist detects a
temperature increase in the solution during a
period. Which of the following statements
accurately characterizes the solution during this
period?

A. The solution is at boiling point.

B. The solution is undergoing a phase change.
C. The velocity of molecules in the solution is
increasing.
D.The solution’s temperature increase is
proportional to its ΔHvaporization​.
2. An equal amounts of heat are absorbed
by 100g samples of various solid metals with
differing specific heat values. Which of the
following statements is true regarding metals and
their specific heat values?

A. The metal with the smallest specific heat will

undergo the smallest change in temperature.
B. The metal with the smallest specific heat will
resist melting to a greater degree at its melting
point.
C. The metal with the greatest specific heat will
undergo the smallest change in temperature.
D. The metal with the greatest specific heat will
resist melting to a greater degree at its melting
3. In a system undergoing adiabatic
compression, what are the values of
internal energy and heat if work
done on the system is 500 J?

A. Internal Energy is 0 J and heat is -500 J.

B. Internal Energy is -500 J and heat is 0 J.
C. Internal Energy is 0 J and heat is 500 J.
D. Internal Energy is 500 J and heat is 0 J.
4. Additional gas is pumped inside a rigid
container that stores compressed gas.
Which of the following is a true
statement about this system?

A. Pressure is constant throughout the

compression.
B. There is no work done on the
container.
C. The molar concentration of gas is
decreasing.
D. The volume of the container is
5. Which of the following scenarios violates
the first law of thermodynamics, “the
conservation of energy?"

A. A spring that extends and retracts

forever, alternating between potential and
kinetic energy.
B. An isolated electrochemical cell that
indefinitely generates an electrical current.
C. An efficient wind turbine that converts all
of its energy from mechanical movement
into electrical potential energy.
D. A machine that converts heat energy into
work energy.
A. A spring that extends
and retracts forever,
alternating between
potential and kinetic
energy.
B. An isolated
electrochemical cell that
indefinitely generates an
C. An efficient wind
turbine that converts all
of its energy from
mechanical movement
into electrical potential
energy.
D. A machine that
converts heat energy into
6. A hot object is placed next to a cold
object so that they are touching. Which
of the following statements is true?

A. Heat will transfer from the hot object

to the cold object because the hot object
has a higher temperature.
B. The two objects are in thermal
equilibrium
C. Internal energy will transfer from the
hot object to the cold object because the
hot object has greater internal energy.
7. Atmospheric gases absorb more
energy than they emit. If we consider a
gas to be a closed system, which of the
following is true?

A.The heat absorbed by the gas is

positive.
B.The internal energy of the gas
increases.
C.The change in volume of the gas is
negative.
D.The work done on the gas is equal to
8. What is the net work done on the gas
as it goes from point A to B on the
Pressure vs Volume diagram?

A. 200 J
B. 0 J
C. -200 J
D. 100 J
9. What is the net work done on the gas as
it goes from point C to D and then to E on
the Pressure vs Volume diagram?

A. 0 J
B. 500 J
C. -500 J
D. 1000 J
Thermodynamics
Scope of thermodynamics is now ‘almost everything:
• heat engines, heat pumps and refrigerators
(cyclic processes)
• chemistry, incl biochemistry: photosynthesis,
haemoglobin, ATP
• hurricanes, plate tectonics, magnetisation &
demagnetisation
• life processes e.g. ecosystems
Key terms

system - part of the universe under

study (open or closed)
boundary - what separates a system
from its environment (surroundings)
e.g. piston head in an engine
equilibrium, non-equilibrium
Key terms
The major difference between these two
types of processes:
ADIABATIC PROCESS, there is no
transfer of heat towards or from the
liquid but the temperature is not
constant.
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS, there is a
transfer of heat to the surroundings to
make the overall temperature constant.
Key terms
System and surroundings
Different types of system
Zeroth law
If A is in thermal
equilibrium with B, and
B is in thermal
equilibrium with C, then Rigid walls that permit a system to
C will be in thermal change its state (by thermal
transfer) are called ‘diathermic’.
equilibrium with A. Saucepans are diathermic
vessels.
In other words, all three
systems have the same Walls that do NOT permit such
changes (by thermal transfer) are
‘temperature’. called ‘adiabatic’.
A vacuum flask is adiabatic.
Temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin.
Work
Work involves motion against an
opposing force, F.

Work is equal to the product of Force and

displacement. Joule is the unit of wok.

Any system has an ability to do work. The

capacity to do work is called energy.
First law
If the contents of the flask had been churned in
an un-insulated vessel, the amount of work
necessary to raise its temperature would
have been greater.

The transfer of energy from a system to its

surroundings, as a result of a temperature
difference, is called heat (thermal transfer).
Heat and work
The two ways in
which
energy can be
transferred
into or out of a
system –
heat and work
Heat and work

The total energy of a system is called its

internal energy (U) –
it changes when energy is transferred into
or out of the system.
Assessment
1 Which of the ff. devices has
.
chambers or cylinders
where mixture of fuel and
air is burned?
A internal combustionCORREC
B engine T
external combustion
engine
C heat pump
D air
conditioner
Assessment
2
.
Which device transfers
thermal energy from a
cooler region to a warmer
region?
A solar panel
B refrigerato
CORREC
C rinternal T
combustion
engine
D thermal
Assessment
3 If work is greater
.
than heat in the
figure, then what
must be true
about theenergy
A Its total couch?is
B decreasing.
Its total energy is
C constant.
Its total energy is CORREC
D increasing.
T
Its total energy increases, then
decreases.
Assessment
4
.
Which term describes the
measure of the average
kinetic energy of the
particles that make up an
A temperature
CORRECT
object?
B specific
C heat
potential
D energy
thermal
energy
Assessment
5 Whichenergy is transferred
.
between objects due to a
temperature differences?
A heatCORRECT
B radiation
C conduction
D insulation