Cellular and Mobile communication

Chapter one
Introduction of cellular system
1

01/04/2025
Lecturer: engabokor
 Contents
• Introduction
• Mobile communication
• Features of mobile communication
• Cellular network system
• History of cellular system
• Features of cellular system
• Advantage of cellular system.
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 Introduction
• Mobile Communication is the use of technology that allows us to communicate
with others in different locations without the use of any physical connection
(wires or cables). Mobile communication makes our life easier, and it saves time
and effort.
• A mobile phone (also called mobile cellular network, cell phone or hand phone)
is an example of mobile communication. It is an electric device used for full
duplex two way radio telecommunication over a cellular network of base stations
known as cell site.
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 Features of Mobile Communication

• High capacity load balancing: High capacity load balancing

means, when one access point is overloaded, the system will
actively shift users from one access point to another depending on
the capacity which is available.
• Scalability: The wireless networks have the ability to start small if
necessary, but expand in terms of coverage and capacity as needed
- without having to overhaul or build an entirely new network.

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 Conti,,,
• Network management system: The wireless networks have a smarter
way of managing the entire network from a centralized point.
• Role based access control: Role based access control (RBAC) allows you
to assign roles based on what, who, where, when and how a user or device
is trying to access your network.
• Mobility: is the using network while you are moving.

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 Advantages of Mobile Communication

There are following advantages of mobile communication:

 Flexibility: Wireless communication enables the people to communicate with each
other regardless of location. There is no need to be in an office or some telephone
booth in order to pass and receive messages.
 Cost effectiveness: In mobile communication, there is no need of any physical
infrastructure (Wires or cables) or maintenance practice. Hence, the cost is reduced.
 Speed: Improvements can also be seen in speed. The network connectivity or the
accessibility was much improved in accuracy and speed.
 Accessibility: With the help of wireless technology easy accessibility to the remote
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 Cellular network

• A cellular network or mobile network: is a communication network where the

last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called "cells", each
served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, but more normally, three cell sites
or base transceiver stations.
• Base station: The base station is equipped with antennas for reception and
transmission.
• A cellular network is a radio network made up of a number of radio cells (or just
cells)

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 history
• The first commercial cellular network, the 1G generation, was
launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT)
in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five
years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the
whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide
1G network. It was an analog wireless network.

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 Benefits Cellular network

• Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative

solutions:
• increased capacity
• reduced power usage
• better coverage
• Frequency reuse
• Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels within a small geographic area called a
cell.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
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 Cellular features
• cell
• Cluster
• Frequency reuse
• Co-channel interference
• Cell splitting
• Handover
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 cell
• Cell: is the smallest coverage area of cellular system.
• A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to
avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.
• each served by a fixed transmitter, known as a cell site or base station. These
base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for
transmission of voice, data, and other types of content.
• These cells are used to cover different areas in order to provide radio coverage
over a wider area than the area of one cell.
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 Cell-shape

• The shape of cell can be square, hexagon, and triangle.

• Criteria that we select the shape of cell is that the one which can fit
the maximum area of the circle.
• E.g. triangle can fit 17.77% of area of circle,
Square :63.7% of area of circle and the hexagon :83%
• The best suitable shape is hexagon.
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 Cell-shape

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 cluster
• A cluster is a group of cells . No channels are reused within a
cluster.
• The mostly cluster size is 7 cells
Distance between adjacent cells
If R is the radius of cell
Distance between two adjacent cells can be given
D=2RCOSπ/6=
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 Cluster shape

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 Frequency reuse
The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of
radio channels used within a small geographic area.
Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from
neighboring cells.
The coverage area of cells are called the footprint.
This footprint is limited by boundary so that the same group of channels can be
used in different cells that are far enough away from each other so that their
frequencies do not interfere.
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 Categories of frequency reuse
• The frequency reuse concept can be used in the time domain and the
space domain. Frequency reuse in the time domain results in the
occupation of the same frequency in different time slots. It is called time-
division multiplexing (TDM).
Frequency reuse in the space domain can be divided into two categories.
1. Same frequency assigned in two different geographic areas, such as AM
or FM radio stations using the same frequency in different cities.
2. Same frequency repeatedly used in a same general area in one system
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 FREQUENCY REUSE DISTANCE:

The minimum distance that allows the same frequency to be reused will depend
on many factors, such as the number of cochannel cells, the type of geographic
terrain contour, the antenna height, and the transmitted power at each cell site.
The frequency reuse distance D can be determined from;
D =√3C R
Where c is the frequency reuse pattern or cluster size , If all the cell sites transmit
the same power, then C increases and the frequency reuse distance D increases.
This increased D reduces the chance that cochannel interference may occur.
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 Frequency reuse factor
• The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be
used in the network.
• Cells with the same number have the set of frequencies. Here
the number of available frequency is 7, the frequency reuse
factor is 1/7.
• That is each cell is using 1/7 of available cellular channels.

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 ..

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 CO-CHANNEL CELLs AND CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

• Co-channel cell: are cells which use same frequency but in different
cluster.
• Reusing an identical frequency channel in different cells is limited by
cochannel interference between cells, and the cochannel interference can
become a major problem.
• Here we would like to find the minimum frequency reuse distance in order
to reduce this cochannel interference.

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 Distance between two co-
channels
From geographic hexagon it can be shown;
• D=×C
• where C is the cluster size or number of cells in the cluster
Assume that the size of all cells is roughly the same. The cell size is determined
by the coverage area of the signal strength in each cell. As long as the cell size is
fixed, cochannel interference is independent of the transmitted power of each
cell.

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 .

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 Cont……..
Features of using Frequency Reuse:
• Frequency reuse improve the signal Quality (QoS).
• Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems offers a protection
against interference.
• The number of times a frequency can be reused is depend on the tolerance
capacity of the radio channel from the nearby transmitter that is using the same
frequencies.
• In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into different sub-bands
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that are used by cells.
 Cell splitting
• Economic considerations made the concept of creating full system with
many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, the system
operators developed the idea of cell splitting. As a service area becomes full
of users this approach is used to split single area into smaller ones.
• In this way urban centers can be split in to as many areas as necessary in
order to provide acceptable service levels in heavy traffic regions, while
larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions.

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 Why splitting
• The frequency reuse scheme is one concept, and cell splitting is another
concept. When traffic density starts to build up and the frequency channels
in each cell cannot provide enough mobile calls, the original cell can be
split into smaller cells. Usually the new radius is one-half the original
radius .
• The New cell radius = old cell radius/2

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 handover

• In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move

from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication,
switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is
done electronically without interruption and without a base
station operator or manual switching. This is called
the handover or handoff. Typically, a new channel is
automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base
station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically
switches from the current channel to the new channel and
communication continues.
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 handover
• handover is a process in telecommunications and mobile
communications in which a connected cellular call or a data
session is transferred from one cell site (base station) to
another without disconnecting the session.
• Cellular services are based on mobility and handover, allowing
the user to be moved from one cell site range to another or to
be switched to the nearest cell site for better performance.

This process keeps the calls and data sessions connected even
if a user moves from one cell site to another.
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 handover

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 When will a Hand Over take place?
 Distance (propagation delay) between the MS and
BS becomes too big.
 If the received signal level is very low.
 If the received signal quality very low.
 Path loss situation for the mobile station to
another cell is better.
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The objectives of Hand Over are as follows:

• Maintain a good quality of speech.

• Minimize number of calls dropped.
• Maximize the amount of time the mobile station
is in the best cell.

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 conclusion
• Cellular network .
• Mobile communication: is the technology that allows us to communicate with others in different
locations without the use of any physical connection
• Cell: smallest coverage area of cellular system.
• Cluster: group of cells or 7 cells
• Frequency reuse: is the process of reusing the frequency in different cells which far each other.
• Co-channel cell: are cells which use same frequency or identical frequency.
• Cell-splitting: process of splitting original cell into other smaller cells.
• Handover: process of transferring the cellular call from cell to cell.
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 The end
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