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Lecture 12 DHCP, ARP

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31 views28 pages

Lecture 12 DHCP, ARP

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mostafijurfij168
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DHCP & ARP

Course Code: CSC 3116 Course Title: Computer Networks

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 6 Week No: 5 Semester:


Lecturer: Mahmudul Hasan (Mahmud); [email protected]
Lecture Outline

• DHCP
• What is DHCP?
• How DHCP works?
• Steps of DHCP
• ARP
• What is ARP?
• How ARP works?
• ARP cache timeout
• Advantage and Disadvantage
What is DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network


protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP
address to a computer from a defined range of numbers
configured for a given network.
Bootstrap Protocol

The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a computer networking protocol used in


Internet Protocol(IP) networks to automatically assign an IP address to
network devices from a configuration server.

When a computer that is connected to a network is powered up and boots its


operating system, the system software broadcasts BOOTP messages onto the
network to request an IP address assignment.

A BOOTP configuration server assigns an IP address based on the request


from a pool of addresses configured by an administrator.
Bootstrap Protocol

BOOTP is not a dynamic configuration protocol.


When a client requests its IP address, the BOOTP server consults a table that
matches the physical address of the client with its IP address. This implies that
the binding between the physical address and the IP address of the client
already exists. The binding is predetermined.
However, what if a host moves from one physical network to another?
What if a host wants a temporary IP address?

BOOTP cannot handle these situations because the binding between the
physical and IP addresses is static and fixed in a table until changed by the
administrator. BOOTP is a static configuration protocol.
DHCP

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) has been devised to provide
static and dynamic address allocation that can be manual or automatic.
Static Address Allocation: In this capacity DHCP acts as BOOTP does. It is
backward compatible with BOOTP, which means a host running the BOOTP
client can request a static address from a DHCP server. A DHCP server has a
database that statically binds physical addresses to IP addresses.
Dynamic Address Allocation: DHCP has a second database with a pool of
available IP addresses. This second database makes DHCP dynamic. When a
DHCP client requests a temporary IP address, the DHCP server goes to the
pool of available (unused) IP addresses and assigns an IP address for a
negotiable period of time.
DHCP process explained
Steps of DHCP: INIT State

When the DHCP client first


starts, it is in the INIT state
(initializing state).

The client broadcasts a


DHCPDISCOVER message using
port 67.

DHCPDISCOVER is a request
message with the
DHCPDISCOVER option.
Steps of DHCP: SELECTING
State
After sending the DHCPDISCOVER
message, the client goes to the
selecting state.

Those servers that can provide this


type of service respond with a
DHCPOFFER message.

In these messages, the servers offer an


IP address. They can also offer the
lease duration. The default is 1 hour.

The server that sends a DHCPOFFER


locks the offered IP address so that it is
not available to any other clients.
Steps of DHCP: SELECTING State (cont.)

The client chooses one of the offers


and sends a DHCPREQUEST message
to the selected server.

It then goes to the requesting state.

However, if the client receives no


DHCPOFFER message, it tries four
more times, each with a span of 2
seconds.

If there is no reply to any of these


DHCPDISCOVERs, the client sleeps for
5 minutes before trying again.
Steps of DHCP: REQUESTING
State
The client remains in the
requesting state until it receives
a DHCPACK message from the
server that creates the binding
between the client physical
address and its IP address.

After receipt of the DHCPACK,


the client goes to the bound
state.
Steps of DHCP: BOUND State

In this state, the client can use the


IP address until the lease expires.

When 50 percent of the lease


period is reached, the client sends
another DHCPREQUEST to ask for
renewal.

It then goes to the renewing state.

When in the bound state, the


client can also cancel the lease
and go to the initializing state.
Steps of DHCP: RENEWING
State
The client remains in the renewing
state until one of two events
happens.

It can receive a DHCPACK, which


renews the lease agreement.

In this case, the client resets its timer


and goes back to the bound state.

Or, if a DHCPACK is not received, and


87.5 percent of the lease time
expires, the client goes to the
rebinding state.
Steps of DHCP: REBINDING
State
The client remains in the
rebinding state until one of three
events happens.

If the client receives a DHCPNACK


or the lease expires, it goes back
to the initializing state and tries
to get another IP address.

If the client receives a DHCPACK,


it goes to the bound state and
resets the timer.
DHCP Problem

A Client pc is looking for an ip address. The DHCP server has offered


three ip addresses (207.0.0.6/24, LT- 1 hr 14 min), (207.0.0.8/24, LT-
1 hr 28 min), (207.0.0.11/24, LT- 1 hr 32 min). The Client has chosen
the 2nd ip address. If the client asks for extended LT of 22 minutes,
What is the new timer of RENEWING and REBINDING states? While
calculating timer for REBINDING state, consider the lease time was
not extended in RENEWING state. [LT means lease time]
What is ARP?

In networking it is necessary for the sender to know the IP address and the
Physical address of the receiver for successful communication. If the MAC
address of the receiver is unknown to the sender; it uses Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) protocol to identify the specific MAC address of the receiver.
ARP Request

PC – A PC – B PC- C
IP Add. : 10.0.0.5 IP Add. : 10.0.0.3 IP Add. : 10.0.0.1
MAC Add. MAC Add. MAC Add.
:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA :BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB :CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC

In the above scenario there are three computers in a single network. PC-A
wants to communicate with PC-C. But it only knows the IP address of PC-C.
So, PC-A will take the help of ARP to get the MAC address of PC-C.
ARP Request (cont.)
Packet (Network layer):
10.0.0.5 10.0.0.1 I want to know the MAC address of that
interface who’s ip address is 10.0.0.1

Frame (Data Link layer):


:AA:AA:AA:AA FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
:AA
ARP Request (cont.)

After making the ARP request frame PC-A will broadcast the frame in the
network. Assume that PC-B have got the frame it will read the header of the
frame and find out the physical address (FFFF:FFFF:FFFF) as destination MAC
address. Which means it’s a broadcast MAC address and the frame is for
everyone in that network. Therefore, PC-B will take the frame to the network
layer. In the network layer when the destination IP address is checked. There will
be a mismatch as PC-B doesn’t hold the ip address 10.0.0.1.
ARP Reply

On the other hand, when PC-C will get the frame it will read the header of the
frame and find out the physical address (FFFF:FFFF:FFFF) as destination
address. So, PC-C will transfer it to network layer. In network layer the host will
check the destination IP and finds out that it matches with its own IP address.
Therefore, PC-C will start reading the content of the packet. And it will make an
ARP reply frame and send it back to PC- A.
ARP Reply (cont.)

Packet (Network layer):


10.0.0.1 10.0.0.5 My MAC address is :CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC

Frame (Data Link layer):

:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC: :AA:AA:AA:AA
CC :AA
ARP Example
ARP Cache Timeout
ARP Cache Timeout (cont.)
ARP Cache Timeout (cont.)
Advantage/Disadvantage
References

1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan,


McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 2007, USA.
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-computer-networking/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/co
mputer_networking.htm
Books

1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-


Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 2007, USA.
2. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, J. F., Kurose, K. W.
Ross, Pearson Education, Inc., Sixth Edition, USA.
3. Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 , vol. 1, W. Odom, Cisco Press,
First Edition, 2019, USA.
4. CCNA Routing and Switching, T. Lammle, John Wily & Sons,
Second Edition, 2016, USA.
5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth
Edition, 2009, USA.
6. Data and Computer Communication, W. Stallings, Pearson
Education, Inc., 10th Education, 2013, USA.

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