Computer

Application Project
By Sabad Oberoi
INPUT IN JAVA
 IPO cycle
The IPO cycle, also known as the Input-Processing-Output cycle, is a fundamental concept in computer
programming that describes the sequence of steps that a program follows to process data.
Input (I)
The first stage of the IPO cycle is Input, where the program receives data from the user, a file, or another
source. This data can be in the form of numbers, text, images, or other types of information.
Processing (P)
The second stage is Processing, where the program performs operations on the input data. This can include
calculations, transformations, decisions, and other types of data manipulation.
Output (O)
The final stage is Output, where the program produces output based on the processed data. This output can
be displayed on the screen, printed, stored in a file, or transmitted over a network.
 Static Binding

Static Binding:- Static Binding known as early binding is a process of in which

the compiler resolve the binding of a method or variable at compile-time.
Advantage:-
● Faster Execution
● Compile-time checked
Disadvantage:-
● Less flexible
● cannot be changed at run time
 Dynamic binding

Dynamic Binding:- Dynamic Binding also known as late binding, is a process

in which the binding of the method or variable is resolved at runtime.

Advantages:-

● More flexible
● Can we changed at runtime

Disadvantages:-

● Slower execution
● Runtime checks
 Input by using a InputStreamReader class

The InputStreamReader class is a bridge between byte streams and character

streams. It reads bytes from a byte stream and translates them into characters.

Advantages
● Efficient: InputStreamReader and BufferedReader improve input efficiency.
● Flexible: InputStreamReader can be used with various byte streams.

Disadvantages
● Complexity: InputStreamReader and BufferedReader require more code
● Error Handling: InputStreamReader and BufferedReader require error
handling.
 Process of Input data by using
InputStreamReader class

Step 1: Import Necessary Classes

The first step is to import the necessary classes, which are

`java.io.InputStreamReader` and `java.io.BufferedReader`.

Step 2: Create an InputStreamReader Object

Create an InputStreamReader object by passing `System.in` as the argument to

the InputStreamReader constructor. `System.in` is the standard input stream.

Step 3: Create a BufferedReader Object

Create a BufferedReader object by passing the InputStreamReader object as

the argument to the BufferedReader .
Step 4: Prompt the User for Input

Use `System.out.print()` or `System.out.println()` to prompt the user

to enter data.

Step 5: Read Input Data

Use the `readLine()` method of the BufferedReader object to read the

user's input. This method returns a string containing the user's input.

Step 6: Store Input Data

Store the input data in a variable for further processing.

Step 7: Close the BufferedReader and InputStreamReader

Finally, close the BufferedReader and InputStreamReader objects to

prevent resource leaks.
 Compilation in Execution of
InputStreamReader class

Compilation

1. *Save the program*: Save the InputStreamReader program in a file with a `.java`
extension, for example, `InputStreamReaderExample.java`.

2. *Compile the program*: Compile the program using the `javac` command, followed
by the name of the file:

javac InputStreamReaderExample.java

3. *Verify compilation*: After compilation, a new file with the same name but with a
`.class` extension will be created, for example, `InputStreamReaderExample.class`.
Execution

1. *Run the program*: Run the program using the `java` command,
followed by the name of the class file (without the `.class` extension):

java InputStreamReaderExample

2. *Provide input*: When prompted, provide the input required by the

program.

3. *Verify output*: The program will process the input and display the
output
Example program:-
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
String name = br.readLine();
System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");
br.close();
isr.close();
} }
 Input by using a Scanner class

The Scanner class in Java is a utility class that allows you to parse primitive types and
strings using regular expressions. It provides methods to read input from various
sources, such as the console, files, and network connections.

Advantages
● Easy to Use:- The Scanner class provides simple and intuitive methods to read
input.
● Flexible:-The Scanner class can read input from various sources, including the
console, files, and network connections.
Disadvantages
● Performance:- The Scanner class can be slower than other input methods, such as
BufferedReader.
● Limited Control:- The Scanner class provides limited control over the input
process, making it less suitable for complex input scenarios.
 Process of Input data by using Scanner
class

Step 1: Import the Scanner Class

Import the Scanner class from the java.util package.

Step 2: Create a Scanner Object

Create a Scanner object to read the input from the desired source, such as System.in for console
input.

Step 3: Prompt the User for Input

Prompt the user to enter the desired input using System.out.print() or System.out.println().

Step 4: Read the Input Using Scanner Methods

Use the appropriate Scanner method to read the input, such as next() for strings, nextInt() for
integers, nextDouble() for doubles, and nextBoolean() for booleans.
Step 5: Store the Input in a Variable

Store the input in a variable of the corresponding data type.

Step 6: Close the Scanner Object (Optional)

Close the Scanner object to prevent resource leaks if it's not needed anymore
 Compilation and Execution of Scanner
class

Compilation

1. Save the program in a file with a `.java` extension, for example, `ScannerExample.java`.

2. Open a terminal or command prompt and navigate to the directory where the file is
saved.

3. Compile the program using the `javac` command, followed by the name of the file:

bash

javac ScannerExample.java

1. If the compilation is successful, a new file with the same name but with a `.class`
extension will be created.
Execution

1. Run the program using the `java` command, followed by the name of the class file
(without the `.class` extension):

bash

java ScannerExample

1. The program will prompt the user to enter input.

2. Enter the input as required by the program.

3. The program will process the input and display the output.
Example program:-

class ScannerExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your name: ");

String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter your age: ");

int age = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "! You are " + age + " years old.");

scanner.close();

}}
 Testing and Debugging

Testing

1. Purpose: Verify that the software meets the requirements and works as expected.

2. Focus: Identify defects or bugs in the software.

3. Methodology: Execute predefined test cases and scenarios.

4. Outcome: Pass or fail result, indicating whether the software meets the requirements.

5. Goal: Ensure the software is reliable, stable, and functions correctly.

6. Scope: Covers functional, performance, security, and usability testing.

7. Techniques: Black box, white box, gray box testing.

Debugging

1. Purpose: Identify and fix defects or bugs in the software.

2. Focus: Analyze and resolve specific issues or errors.

3. Methodology: Use various techniques, such as print statements, debuggers, and

logging.

4. Outcome: Resolution of the identified issue or bug.

5. Goal: Ensure the software is free from defects and functions as intended.

6. Scope: Focuses on specific issues or defects.

7. Techniques: Print statements, debuggers, logging, and code review.

 Types of Error

1. Syntax Errors

- Occur when the code violates the programming language's syntax rules.

- Examples: missing semicolons, mismatched brackets, incorrect keyword usage.

2. Runtime Errors

- Occur during the execution of the code.

- Examples: division by zero, null pointer exceptions, out-of-bounds array access.

3. Logic Errors

- Occur when the code does not produce the expected output due to a flaw in the
program's logic.

- Examples: incorrect algorithm implementation, incorrect variable usage.

4. Semantic Errors

- Occur when the code is syntactically correct but does not behave as intended.

- Examples: using the wrong data type, incorrect function calls.

5. Compilation Errors

- Occur when the code cannot be compiled due to syntax errors or other issues.

- Examples: missing libraries, incorrect import statements.

6. Linker Errors

- Occur when the linker cannot resolve references to external libraries or functions.

- Examples: missing libraries, incorrect library versions.

7. Execution Errors

- Occur when the program crashes or terminates unexpectedly during execution.

- Examples: segmentation faults, bus errors.

8. Type Errors

- Occur when the code attempts to perform an operation on a value of the wrong data type.

- Examples: trying to add a string to an integer, trying to access an array with a non-integer index.

9. Null Pointer Errors

- Occur when the code attempts to access or manipulate a null (non-existent) object reference.

- Examples: trying to call a method on a null object, trying to access a field of a null object.

10. Out-of-Range Errors

- Occur when the code attempts to access an array or collection with an index that is out of range.

- Examples: trying to access an array element with a negative index, trying to access an array
element with an index greater than or equal to the array's length