Chapter 2 : Introduction to Assembly
Programming The Intel 8086 ISA
Instruction Set Architecture
Next ...
Types of instructions
Arithmetic instructions
Shift and Rotation instructions
Boolean Instructions
Branching Instructions
Unconditional Jump Instructions
Conditional Jump Instructions
Translating Conditional Structures
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Shift instructions
• There are logical shifts (unsigned operations) and
• Arithmetic shifts (signed operations)
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Logical Shift instructions (1)
SHL ; Shift Left instruction
SHL R,imm 0
SHL addr,imm CF
SHL R,CL
SHL addr,CL
second operand can be
a constant Cste (immediate) or
the CL register:
Example:
mov al,00000001b ;al = 1
shl al,1 ;al=00000010b = 2 carry = 0
shl al,1 ;al=00000100b = 4 carry = 0
shl al,1 ;al=00001000b = 8 carry = 0
The last bit shifted out from the left becomes the Carry Flag
Shifting left 1 bit multiplies a number by 2
Shifting left n bits multiplies the operand by 2n (fast multiplication)
Example : 5 * 4 = 5 * 22 = 20
MOV DL,5 ; DL = 00000101b 4
Logical Shift instructions(3)
SHR ; Shift Right instruction
SHR R,imm
SHR R,cl 0
CF
Example:
mov al,00000100b ;al =00000100b = 4
shr al,1 ;al=00000010b = 2 carry = 0
shr al,1 ;al=00000001b = 1 carry = 0
shr al,1 ;al=00000000b = 0 carry = 1
Performs a logical right shift on the destination operand
The last bit shifted out from the right becomes the Carry Flag
Shifting right n bits divides the operand by 2n (fast division)
Example : (80 / 8) = (80 / 23 )= 10
MOV DL, 80 ; DL = 01010000b = 80
SHR DL, 1 ; DL = 00101000b = 40, CF = 0
SHR DL, 2 ; DL = 00001010b = 10, CF = 0
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Arithmetic Shift instructions
SAL : Shift Arithmetic Left is identical to SHL
SAR ; Shift Arithmetic Right
Performs a right arithmetic shift on the destination operand
Fills the newly created bit position with a copy of the sign bit
SAR preserves the number's sign
CF
Example
MOV DL,-80 ; DL = 10110000b
SAR DL,1 ; DL = 11011000b = -40, CF = 0
SAR DL,2 ; DL = 11110110b = -10, CF = 0
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Rotation instructions
ROL ; Rotate Left instruction
Rotates each bit to the left, according to the count operand
Highest bit is copied into the Carry Flag and into the Lowest Bit
No bits are lost
Example CF
MOV AL,11110000b
ROL AL,1 ; AL = 11100001b , CF = 1
MOV DL,3Fh ; DL = 00111111b
ROL DL,4 ; DL = 11110011b = F3h , CF = 1
ROR ; Rotate Right instruction
Rotates each bit to the right, according to the count operand
Lowest bit is copied into the Carry flag and into the highest bit
No bits are lost
Example CF
MOV AL,11110000b
ROR AL, 1 ; AL = 01111000b, CF = 0
MOV DL, 3Fh ; DL = 00111111b
ROR DL, 4 ; DL = F3h, CF = 1 9
Next ...
Types of instructions
Arithmetic instructions
Shift and Rotation instructions
Boolean Instructions
Branching Instructions
Unconditional Jump Instructions
Conditional Jump Instructions
Translating Conditional Structures
10
Boolean Instructions (1)
AND destination, source ; Bitwise AND between each pair of matching bits
Following operand combinations are allowed
AND R, R We use the following abbreviations:
AND R, Adr INST: Instruction, Off: Offset address
R: any Register, Cste: given (Constant)
AND R, Cste SR: Segment Register disp: Displacement (Constant)
AND Adr, R OR: Offset Register Op: Operand
Adr: Address SO: Source Operand
AND Adr, Cste [Adr]: Memory content DO: Destination Operand
Operands can be 8 or 16 bits and they must be of the same size AND
AND instruction is often used to clear selected bits
00111011
AND 00001111
cleared 00001011 unchanged
Forcing a bit at 0 without changing the other bits
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Boolean Instructions (2)
OR destination, source ; Bitwise OR between each pair of matching bits
Following operand combinations are allowed
OR R, R
OR R, Adr OR
OR R, Cste
OR Adr, R
OR Adr, Cste
Operands can be 8 or 16 bits and they must be of the same size
OR instruction is often used to set selected bits
00111011
OR 11110000
set 11111011 unchanged
Forcing a bit at 1 without changing the other bits
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Boolean Instructions (4)
XOR destination, source ; Bitwise XOR between each pair of matching bits
Following operand combinations are allowed
XOR R, R
XOR R, Adr
XOR R, Cste XOR
XOR Cste, R
XOR Cste, Cste
Operands can be 8 or 16 bits and they must be of the same size
XOR instruction is often used to invert selected bits
00111011
XOR 11110000
inverted 11001011 unchanged
Inversing a bit without changing the other bits
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Boolean Instructions (5)
NOT destination ; Inverts all the bits in a destination operand
Result is called the 1's complement NOT 00111011
Destination can be a register or memory 11000100 inverted
NOT R
NOT Adr
None of the Flags is affected by the NOT instruction
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Converting Characters to Uppercase
Converting Characters to Uppercase
87654321
--------------------------
'a‘ = 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
'A‘ = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
'b' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
'B' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
'c' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
'C' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
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Converting Characters to Lowercase
Converting Characters to Lowercase
87654321
--------------------------
'A‘ = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
'a‘ = 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
'B' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
'b' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
'C' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
'c' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
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