Skill Developments

Instructor:
Hamza Naveed
Email ID: [email protected]
 Course Introduction

This course is intended to make students understand the effect

of computer and its applications in daily life and in their field.
Basically, this subject is related to the introduction of
information technology, understanding computer systems and
concepts, e-commerce, security and privacy controls over
internet, MS Office, databases and importance of information
systems in business and e-banking etc.
Objectives Overview
Define the term, Define the term,
database, and data integrity, and
Discuss the terms
explain how a describe the
character, field,
database interacts qualities of
record, and file
with data and valuable
information information

Describe file Differentiate

maintenance between a file
techniques and processing
validation approach and the
techniques database approach

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Objectives Overview
Describe
Discuss the functions
characteristics of
common to most
relational, object-
database
oriented, and
management
multidimensional
systems
databases

Identify database
design guidelines
Explain how to
and discuss the
access Web
responsibilities of
databases
database analysts
and administrators
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Databases, Data, and Information
Database Data Information
• Collection of • Collection of • Processed
data unprocessed data
organized in items • Documents
a manner • Text • Audio
that allows • Numbers • Images
access, • Images Video
retrieval, • Audio
and use of
that data • Video
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Databases, Data, and Information

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 Databases, Data, and Information
• Database software, often called a database management
system (DBMS), allows users to:

Create a
Add, modify, and Sort and retrieve
computerized
delete data data
database

Create forms and

reports from the
data

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 Databases, Data, and Information
• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the accuracy of a
computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input

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 Databases, Data, and Information
• Valuable information should have the following characteristics:

Organize
Accurate Verifiable Timely
d

Accessibl Cost-
Useful
e effective

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 The Hierarchy of Data
• Data is organized in layers
• Files, records, fields, characters

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 The Hierarchy of Data
• A character is one byte
• Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or other
symbols
• A field is a combination of
one or more related
characters
• Field name
• Field size
• Data type

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 The Hierarchy of Data
• Common data types include:

AutoNumb
Text Numeric Currency
er

Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink

Attachmen
Object
t
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 The Hierarchy of Data
• A record is a group of related fields
• A primary key uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

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 Maintaining Data
• File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data
current

Modifyi Deletin
Adding
ng g
records
records records

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 Maintaining Data
• Users add new records to a file when they obtain new data

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 Maintaining Data
• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data or update old
data

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 Maintaining Data
• When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes it from a file

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 Maintaining Data
• Validation compares data with a set of rules or values to find
out if the data is correct

Alphabetic/ Consistency
Range check
Numeric Check check

Completeness
Check digit Other checks
check

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File Processing Versus Databases
File processing
Database approach
system
• Each department has • Programs and users
its own set of files share data
• Used for many years • Reduce data
• Have data redundancy redundancy
• Isolate data • Improve data integrity
• Share data
• Allows easier access
• Reduces development
time
• Can be more vulnerable 19
File Processing Versus Databases

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Database
Management
Systems

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 Database Management Systems
• A data dictionary contains data about each file in the
database and each field in those files

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 Database Management Systems
• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users and programs
to retrieve and maintain data in the database

Query language

Query by example

Form

Report generator

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 Database Management Systems
• A query language consists of simple, English-like statements
that allow users to specify the data to display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist users with
retrieving data

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Database Management Systems

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 Database Management Systems
• A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for
entering or modifying data in a database

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 Database Management Systems
• A report generator allows users to design a report on the
screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or
print the report

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Database Management Systems

A DBMS provides means to

ensure that only
authorized users access
data at permitted times
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege
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 Database Management Systems
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to restore the
database to a usable form in case it is damaged or destroyed

Recover Continuou
Backup Log
y utility s backup

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Database
Management
Systems

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 Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A data model consists of rules and standards that define how
the database organizes data

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 Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A relational database
stores data in tables that
consist of rows and
columns
• Each row has a primary key
• Each column has a unique
name
• A relationship is a link
within the data

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 Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query language that
allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data

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 Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented
database include:

Multimedia Groupware
database database

Computer-
aided Hypertext
design database
database
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Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases

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 Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A multidimensional database can store data in more than
two dimensions of data
• Sometimes known as a hypercube
• Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database

• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and

manages the data required to analyze historical and current
transactions

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 Web Databases
• Databases on the Web allow you to:

Shop for
Buy or sell Search for a
products or
stocks job
services

Register for Check

Make airline
college semester
reservations
classes grades

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Web Databases

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Video: How a Photo Sharing Site
Keeps Its Data

CLICK TO START

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 Database Administration
• It is important to have a carefully designed database

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Database Administration
Database analysts and administrators are
responsible for managing and coordinating all
database activities
Database Administrator
(DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the
Decides on proper field
data dictionary, manages
placement, defines data
security, monitors
relationship, and identifies
performance, and checks
users’ access privileges
backup and recovery
procedures
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 Database Administration
• Employees should learn
how to use the data in the
database effectively
• Interact with database
• Identify new data for the
database
• Maintain the database

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Summary

How data and

Methods for Assessing the
information are
maintaining quality of
valuable
high-quality valuable
assets to an
data information
organization

Advantages of Roles of the

organizing Various types database
data in a of databases analysts and
database administrators

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