Frequency Response
Introduction
Transfer Function (in s-domain)
Any Linear System (e.g.
Linear Amplifier)
Transfer Function:
Transfer Function
• In general the transfer function of an amplifier can be written in
the form
• am is a multiplicative constant, Z1, Z2 …Zm are roots of the
numerator polynomial and P1, P2…Pn are roots of the
denominator polynomial
• Important: Z1, Z2… Zm called zeros of the system (amplifier)
• Important: P1, P2… Pn are called poles of the system (amplifier)
Poles and zeros can be real or complex
Transfer Function
• Example:
• Find the zero(s) and pole(s)
Example – Single Time Constant Circuits
• RC circuit
H(w)=
• CR circuit
H(w)=
HC1
Frequency Response
• The Frequency Response (transfer function in the w
domain) is similar to the Transfer function, except
that it is the relationship between the system output
and input in the physical frequency (w) domain, not
the Laplace (s) domain. We can obtain the frequency
response from the transfer function, by using the
following change of variables
Any Linear System (e.g.
Linear Amplifier)
Frequency Response
• Now as we mentioned earlier, the frequency
response of a linear system (amplifier) has
two components
– Magnitude response
– Phase response
• Both these can be plotted on a graph (Bode’
Plot)
Bode Plots
• A Bode plot is a plot of the transfer function
magnitude and phase angle as a function of frequency
• The gain magnitude is many times expressed in terms
of decibels (dB)
dB = 20 log10 A
where A is the amplitude or gain
– a decade is defined as any 10-to-1 frequency range
– an octave is any 2-to-1 frequency range
20 dB/decade = 6 dB/octave
8
Bode Plots
9
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
How to plot the Bode’ plot
Example 1:
Given: 50, 000( jw 10)
G ( jw)
( jw 1)( jw 500)
50, 000 x10( jw /10 1) 100( jw /10 1)
G ( jw)
500( jw 1)( jw / 500 1) ( jw 1)( jw / 500 1)
Second: When you have neither poles nor zeros at 0, start the Bode
at 20log10K = 20log10100 = 40 dB in this case.
wlg
Bode Plot Magnitude for 100(1 + jw/10)/(1 + jw/1)(1 + jw/500)
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
60
40
20
dB Mag Phase (deg)
dB Mag 0
Phase (deg)
-20
-60
-60
0.1 1 10 (rad/sec)1000
100 10000
(rad/sec)
wlg
