OSI

MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION
MODEL
 Introduction to OSI
model
OSI Model is defined and is used
to understand how data is
transferred from one computer
to another computer.
In the most basic form two
computers connected with LAN But, if one computer is based on
cables and connectors sharing Microsoft windows and other one has
data with the help of network MAC installed then how this two
interface card(NIC) forms a computers are going to communicate
network. with each other?
In order to accomplish
successful communication
between computers or
networks of different
architectures , seven layer
OSI model was introduced by
ISO containing several layers.
Each layer is a package of
protocols .

Let us understand each layer

one by one in detail…
 APPLICATION LAYER

 The topmost or the highest layer of the OSI reference model has
been identified as the application layers .
 It provides an interface for the end-user operating a device
connected to a network through which users can communicate and
transfer data on network .
 The application layers is closest to the end-user and it deals with
the high-level services to utilize the network resources .
 The application layer provides support to transfer files from one
computer to another, print a document from the printer attached
to the network , send a mail or messaging , or browser the World
Wide Web.
This layers supports
and interacts with
software applications
and contains a variety
of protocols that are
commonly needed,
such as
Transfer protocols..
HTTP(Hyper text
markup
language),FTP(File
transfer protocol) ,
Naming
protocol ..DNS(Domain
name service),
Messaging
protocols ..SMTP(simpl
e mail transfer
protocol) and
Access protocols
The presentation layer ensures
that the information sent from
the application layer of one
system must be readable by that
of another systems.
In other words, the presentation
layer is concerned with the
syntax and semantics of the
information transmitted so that
the information can be easily
processed by the end user.
This layer performs various other
functions related to security
issues such as data
compression , decompression ,
encryption , decryption , system
specific translation of
information etc.

PRESENTATION LAYER
The Session layer deals with establishing sessions between
various machines available on the network.
It plays important roles in establishing , managing and
terminating the session .
The session consists of the service request and service
response , which are coordinated by session layer protocols like
remote procedure call(RPC).
An establishment of session may allow the user to transfer a file
or log on to the remote computer .

SESSION LAYER
Functions of
session layer
 TRANSPORT LAYER

 The important function of the transport layer is to receive data from the session layer and to
segment data into packets for transport to the network layer , and ultimately across the
network in the proper sequence.
 It ensures complete data transfer in proper sequence .
 Therefore, this layer is concerned with the transmission of data streams into the lower layers of
the reference model .
 This layer also handles error recognition , proper rectification of errors , recovery of the data
packets , types of services to provide the session layer , multiplexing of several messages
stream onto single physical channel and providing flow control so that the transmitting device
does not send more data than the receiving device can process .
 It also keep track of all the packets , which falis to reach the destination , and transmits them
again so that the reliability of the data is also ensured by the transport layer .
Functions of
transport
layer
The network layer is concerned with the transmission of packets from the
source computer to the destination computer . Therefore , it deals with
the data traffic on the network .
This layer is responsible for identifying the ways in which data is
transmitted over the network from one device to another .
There are various devices like switches and routers etc. which are used to
control data traffic and prevent the overloading of packets on the
network .
Routers and switches are required to establish a network layer connection
. Routers also determine how to forward packets on the network .
The network layer also facilitates network addressing , error handling ,
congestion control and packet sequencing .
The logical network layout or design and configuration of the network
layout and the virtual logical paths for transmitting data between
network nodes are decided at this layer.

NETWORK LAYER
This layer defines the format of
the data called frames . It is DATA
concerned with the
transmission of frames LINK
sequentially across the
physical network link and
processing of the
LAYER
acknowledgement frames sent
back by the receiver.
It deals with the issues of local
topology , where many
stations may share a common
local media ,
This is the layer where data
packets are prepared for
transmission by the physical
layer , and certain layers that
may be generated at physical
layer are also concerned by
this layer.
Therefore the data link layer
collect packets from the
network layer to form packets
which are then transmitted
 PHYSICAL LAYER
The lowest layer of OSI
reference model has been
identified as the physical
layer which is responsible for
direct interaction of hardware
with networking devices to
establish a physical
communication between the
end user computers.
Therefore in nutshell , we can
say that the physical layer is
the physical interface
between networking devices
which are mainly concerned
with transfer of data in bit
form.
 Functions of Physical
layer

 This layer is responsible for the following:

 (a) conversion of data into electrical signals from the layers above it
and transfer of these signals in electromechanical terms to voltage
and wavelength from one computer to another .
 (b) electrical and mechanical interface at the communication
media such as copper , fiber optics cables , Cat 5 (ethernet) cables
and copper twisted pair for sending and receiving data. Thus , it
defines a relationship between a device and a physical medium .
 (c) physical and procedural specifications such as layouts of
pins , hubs , repeaters , network adapters , voltage levels , cable
specifications and timing of impulses , physical data rates etc. for
activating , maintaining and deactivating the physical link between
communicating network systems for transmission of data .
This is how each layer in
a OSI model works
containing a package of
protocols . It describes
the flow of information
from one end user
application through a
network into another
application . This seven
layered architecture
ultimately provides the
framework for design of
computer networking
and for
internationalization of
protocols used in
computer network.
THAN
K Prepared by --

Branch –
AASHI GUPTA

YOU CSE (A)

ROLL NO. –

0101CS231002