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Tree Building – Regression,
Classification, Overfitting, Pruning
And Complexity, Multiple Decision
Trees.
Introduction to Tree Building
Decision trees are a versatile model
used for both classification and
regression tasks.
They work by splitting the data into
subsets based on feature values.
This presentation will explore key
concepts in tree building, including
overfitting and pruning.
What is Decision Tree?
A decision tree is a flowchart-like
structure used for decision-making.
It consists of nodes (decisions) and
leaves (outcomes).
Decision trees can be visualized
easily, making them intuitive for
interpretation.
Types of Decision Trees
Decision trees can be categorized into
classification trees and regression
trees.
Classification trees are used for
predicting categorical outcomes.
Regression trees predict continuous
numeric values based on input
features.
Decision Tree for Classification
In classification, the goal is to assign
labels to instances based on features.
Each internal node represents a test
on an attribute, leading to branches
for outcomes.
The final leaves represent the
predicted classes for the input data.
Decision Tree for Regression
Regression trees predict a continuous
value rather than a class label.
The splits in the tree are based on
minimizing the variance of the target
variable.
Each leaf node contains the average
of the target values for the instances
in that node.
How Trees Split Data
Trees use algorithms like CART
(Classification and Regression Trees)
to split data.
The splitting criterion can be Gini
impurity for classification and Mean
Squared Error for regression.
The objective is to maximize
information gain and minimize
impurity at each split.
Overfitting in Decision Trees
Overfitting occurs when a tree model
learns noise in the training data.
A tree that is too deep can capture
outliers, leading to poor
generalization.
It is crucial to find a balance between
model complexity and predictive
performance.
Signs of Overfitting
High accuracy on training data but
poor performance on validation data
indicates overfitting.
A very complex tree with numerous
splits is often a sign of overfitting.
Visual inspections of tree depth and
structure can help identify overfitting.
Pruning Techniques
Pruning reduces the size of the tree to
improve generalization.
There are two main types: pre-pruning
(stopping growth early) and post-
pruning (removing nodes after
construction).
Pruning helps to eliminate branches
that have little importance, thus
reducing complexity.
Pre-Pruning Strategies
Pre-pruning involves setting
conditions to halt tree growth during
the creation process.
Common conditions include limiting
the maximum depth or minimum
samples per leaf.
This approach helps to create a
simpler model before overfitting
occurs.
Post-Pruning Strategies
Post-pruning involves trimming the
tree after it has been fully grown.
Techniques such as cost complexity
pruning evaluate the contribution of
each subtree.
This can significantly enhance the
model's ability to generalize to
unseen data.
Complexity of Decision Trees
The complexity of decision trees is
determined by their depth and
number of leaves.
More complex trees can capture more
patterns but may lead to overfitting.
Understanding the trade-off between
complexity and performance is
essential for effective modeling.
Evaluating Tree Performance
Performance metrics for decision
trees include accuracy, precision,
recall, and F1 score.
For regression trees, metrics like
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and R-
squared are used.
Evaluating performance on both
training and validation datasets is
crucial.
Ensemble Methods
Ensemble methods combine multiple
decision trees to improve
performance.
Techniques like Random Forests and
Gradient Boosting Trees are popular
examples.
These methods reduce the variance of
predictions and enhance
generalization.
Random Forests Overview
Random forests build multiple
decision trees using random subsets
of data and features.
Each tree votes on the output, leading
to a more robust prediction.
This approach helps mitigate
overfitting that might occur with
individual trees.
Gradient Boosting Trees
Gradient boosting builds trees
sequentially, with each tree correcting
errors from the previous one.
This method focuses on optimizing the
loss function, leading to high
accuracy.
Boosted trees are more susceptible to
overfitting, requiring careful tuning.
Handling Missing Values
Decision trees can effectively handle
missing values during splitting.
They can create surrogate splits or
utilize imputation techniques.
This feature makes decision trees a
robust choice for datasets with
incomplete data.
Practical Applications
Decision trees are widely used in
various domains, including finance,
healthcare, and marketing.
They are effective for customer
segmentation, credit scoring, and
predictive analytics.
Their interpretability makes them a
favored choice for applications
requiring clear decision paths.
Summary of Key Concepts
Decision trees are powerful tools for
both classification and regression
tasks.
Managing complexity through pruning
and using ensemble methods can
enhance performance.
Understanding the balance between
bias and variance is crucial in tree
building.
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