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Compiler Design A Deep Dive

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6 views8 pages

Compiler Design A Deep Dive

Uploaded by

noob.gaming.hihi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Compiler Design: A Deep

Dive
This presentation explores the fundamental concepts of compiler design,
covering the key phases involved in translating high-level programming
languages into machine-readable code. We'll delve into the role of finite
automata and regular expressions in lexical analysis, compare top-down and
bottom-up parsing techniques, and examine the principles of syntax-
directed translation and code optimization.

MI
by Mey Isor
Phases of a Compiler
Lexical Analysis Syntax Analysis Semantic Analysis Intermediate Code
(Parsing) Generation
Scans the source code to Checks for semantic errors
identify tokens (basic Ensures the program's like type mismatches (e.g., Converts the source code
language components like structure follows the adding a number and a into an intermediate
keywords, identifiers, and grammar rules of the string). representation (IR) for easier
operators). language. optimization and portability.
Example: Ensures int a =
Example: The code int a = 5; Example: Constructs a parse "hello"; throws an error.
is broken into tokens: int, a, tree to validate if (a > b) { x = Example: A line like x = a + b
=, 5, and ;. 1; }. becomes t1 = a + b.
Code Optimization and Linking
Code Optimization Code Generation Code Linking and Loading

Improves the intermediate code to Produces the final machine code Links external libraries and loads the
make it more efficient. (assembly or binary) from the optimized executable into memory for execution.
intermediate code.
Example: Eliminates redundant
instructions or simplifies loops.
Finite Automata and Regular Expressions
Finite Automata (FA) Deterministic FA (DFA)
A mathematical model used to recognize patterns in strings. It consists Each state has one transition per input symbol.
of states, transitions, and final states.

Non-Deterministic FA (NFA) Regular Expressions (RE)


States may have multiple transitions for the same symbol. Used to define patterns for lexical elements like keywords and operators
in a programming language.

Example: The RE a*b matches strings like b, ab, and aaab.


Finite Automata in Lexical
Analysis

1 Token Recognition 2 Automaton


Conversion
Lexical analyzers use REs to
describe tokens (e.g., int for Convert REs into NFAs or
integers). DFAs for efficient pattern
recognition.

3 Source Code Scanning


The automaton scans the source code, recognizing valid tokens
based on transitions.
Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Parsing
Top-Down Parsing Bottom-Up Parsing

Starts with the root of the parse tree and works downward to Starts with the input tokens and works upward to construct the
match the input. parse tree.

Recursive Descent Parsing: Implements the grammar rules Shift-Reduce Parsing: A token is shifted onto the stack, and
recursively. reductions are applied to match grammar rules.

LL Parsers (Left-to-right, Leftmost derivation): A common top- LR Parsers (Left-to-right, Rightmost derivation): Includes
down approach. variants like SLR, CLR, and LALR.
Syntax-Directed
Translation (SDT)

Syntax Trees Intermediate Code


Generation
A hierarchical representation of the
structure of a program. Converts the syntax tree into a
linear representation (e.g., three-
Each node represents an operation
address code).
or construct.
Code Optimization Techniques

Loop Optimization

1 Focuses on improving performance for repeated execution in loops.

Loop Unrolling
2
Reduces the overhead of loop control by executing multiple iterations in a single iteration.

Invariant Code Motion


3
Moves calculations outside the loop if they don't depend on loop variables.

DAG Representation

4 Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is used to represent expressions in intermediate code.

Purpose: Detects and eliminates redundant calculations.

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