8085 Microprocessor

By Prof. Mr. Abhijeet Shinde

 Microprocessor
• The word comes from the combination micro and processor
Processor means a device that processes whatever.
• In this context processor means a device that processes numbers,
specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.

• Again in this content, it means to perform certain operations on the numbers

that depend on the microprocessor’s design.
 Definition of the Microprocessor

“The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes

in numbers, performs on them arithmetic or logical
operations according to the program stored in memory and
then produces other numbers as a result”
 Features of 8085
Microprocessor

1.It is an 8-bit microprocessor i.e. it can accept, process, or provide 8-bit data simultaneously.

2. It operates on a single +5V power supply connected at Vcc; power supply ground is connected to Vss.

3. It has 16-bit address lines - A0-A15 (to point the memory locations) and hence can point up to 2^16 = 65535
bytes (64KB) memory locations. Capable of addressing 64 k of memory.

4. Has 40 pins.
5. Can operate with 3 MHz clock frequency
6.Can operate with 6 MHz crystal freuqency
7. 8085 upward compatible
8. 16 bit program counters (PC).

9. 16 bit stack pointer (SP).

10. It provides 1 accumulator, 2 flag register, six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL and 2special purpose
registers.

11. It performs arithmetic and logical operations.

12. It provides status for advanced control signals, On chip clock generator.

13. It has Serial input/output port.

14. It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP (Dual in line package).

15. it can be used to implement (interface) 3 chip micro-computers (8085, 8155, 8255 and 8355: Peripheral IC's).
8085 Microprocessor

• Microprocessor consists of:

– Internal buses

– ALU: performs data processing function.

– Registers: provide internal storage to CPU.

– Control unit: control microprocessor operations.

The Address , Data & control Busses:

• Address Bus :

• 16 bit unidirectional address lines that can be access the maximum no of memory
locations of 64 kb.

• Higher order address lines are unidirectional ie.A8 – A15

• A0 – A7 is multiplexed with the data bus in order to reduce pin count.

• Hence lower group of address lines and data lines are generally denoted with AD0-
AD7
The Address , Data & control Busses:

• Data Bus :

• D0-D7 Bidirectional (two way) bus, which can sent and receive information.

• Binary information is transferred between up to/from memory & Peripherals.

• A0 – A7 is multiplexed with the data bus in order to reduce pin count.

• Hence lower group of address lines and data lines are generally denoted with AD0-
AD7
The Address , Data & control Busses:

• Control Bus :

• Partly unidirectional and partly bidirectional bus.

• All the signal lines are coordinated and control operations of up is controlled by
control bus
• Accumulator: In addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the ALU
includes the accumulator, which is part of every arithmetic & logic
operation.

• Temporary register: ALU includes a temporary register used for holding

data temporarily during the execution of the operation. This temporary
register is not accessible by the programmer.

• Instruction Register & Decoder

- Instruction is stored in IR after fetched by processor
- Decoder decodes instruction in IR
Flag Register
• 8 bit register – shows the status of the microprocessor
before/after an operation
• S (sign flag), Z (zero flag), AC (auxiliary carry flag), P
(parity flag) & CY (carry flag)

– Sign Flag
• Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator
• The sign flag is set if negative (1 – negative)
• The sign flag is reset if positive (0 –positive)
• Zero Flag
• Is set if result obtained after an operation is 0
• Is set following an increment or decrement operation
of that register

• Carry Flag
Is set if there is a carry or borrow from arithmetic
operation
 • Auxiliary Carry Flag
– Is set if there is a carry out of bit 3
• Parity Flag
– Is set if parity is even
– Is cleared if parity is odd
 Register Organizations
– General Purpose Registers
• B, C, D, E, H & L (8 bit registers),
• Can be used singly

• Or can be used as 16 bit register pairs

– BC, DE, HL

• H & L can be used as a data pointer (holds memory

address)

– Special Purpose Registers:

• Accumulator (8 bit register)
– Store 8 bit data
– Store the result of an operation
– Store 8 bit data during I/O transfer
• The Program Counter (PC)

– This is a register that is used to control the sequencing of the execution

of instructions.

– This register always holds the address of the next

instruction.

– Since it holds an address, it must be 16 bits wide.

• The Stack pointer:

– The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is used to point into memory.

– The memory this register points to is a special area called the stack.

– The stack is an area of memory used to hold data that will be retrieved
soon.

– The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First Out (LIFO) fashion.

Address bus: A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO address. Data bus:-AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-

bit address and data bus.

Control and status signals: These signals are used to identify the nature of operation. There are 3 control signal and 3 status signals.

Three control signals are RD, WR & ALE.

 RD − This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available on the data bus.

 WR − This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected memory or IO location.

 ALE − It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it

indicates address. When the pulse goes down it indicates data.

Three status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.

IO/M(input/output or Memory): This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory operations, i.e. when it is high

indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates memory operation.

S1 & S0 These are sort of control singles. These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.

Power supply There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v power supply and VSS indicates ground

signal.

Clock signals There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.

 X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set frequency of the internal clock generator.

This frequency is internally divided by 2.8085 requires approximately 3.2MHz of frequency whereas crystal generate 6.14MHz

of frequency.

 CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the microprocessor.
Interrupts & externally initiated signals Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request the microprocessor to perform a task.

There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. We will discuss interrupts in detail in interrupts section.

 INTA − It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.

 RESET IN − This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by setting the program counter to zero.

 RESET OUT − This signal is used to reset all the connected devices when the microprocessor is reset.

 READY − This signal indicates that the device is ready to send or receive data. If READY is low, then the CPU has to wait for READY to go

high.

 HOLD − This signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the address and data buses.

 HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD request and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle.

HLDA is set to low after the HOLD signal is removed. Serial I/O signals There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are used

for serial communication.

 SOD (Serial output data line) − The output SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM instruction.

 SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this line is loaded into accumulator whenever a RIM instruction is executed.
 Application of Microprocessor
•The microprocessor is used in personal computers (PCs).
•The microprocessor is used in LASER printers for good speed and
making automatic photo copies.
•The microprocessors are used in modems, telephone, digital
telephone sets, and also in air reservation systems and railway
reservation systems.
•The microprocessor is used in medical instrument to measure
temperature and blood pressure.
•It is also used in mobile phones and television.
•It is used in calculators and game machine.
•It is used in accounting system and data acquisition system.
•It is used in military applications.
•It is also used in traffic light control.
•Microprocessor is used in home appliances such as microwave
ovens, washing machine etc.