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 What is History?
History is derived from the
Greek word "historia" which
means inquiry or knowledge
acquired from
investigation/inquiry.
2
 What is History?
It is the study of past events and
provides the analysis and
interpretation based on valid
evidences enabling us to study
continuity and changes that take
place over time.
3
 Herodotus
- Ancient Greek historian who
pioneered recording the past
through historical resources.
- Father of History
- Successor was Thucydides
4
 HISTORIOGRAPHY

The study of history as a

historical discipline

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 HISTORICISM

The belief that history should be

studied for its own sake

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 METHOD OF HISTORY
THROUGH TIME

a. WRITTEN SOURCES
b. POSITIVISM (19th century)
– asserts that real knowledge lies in
the actual observation of facts.
- “do document, no history”
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 METHOD OF HISTORY
THROUGH TIME

History is a continuously developing

discipline that is shaped by
productive debates and discussions
on its method, nature and purpose.

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 Nature of History
a. History is a study of the present in
the light of the past.
b. History is the study of man.
c. History is concerned with man in
time.
d. History is concerned with man in
space.
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e. History provides an objective
record of happening.
f. History is multi-sided.
g. History is a dialogue between
the events of the past and
progressively emerging future
ends.
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h. History is not only narration but it
is also an analysis.
i. Continuity and coherence are the
necessary requisites of history.
g. History is relevant.
h. History is comprehensive.
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 Aims of Studying History
Through Time
a. Ancient Time
People can have something to look back
on as a reference should they face with
similar challenges in the presentand in
the future.

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 Aims of Studying History
Through Time

a. Medieval Period (Christianity)

- Record of how man became
instrumental in the fulfillment of the
divine plan.

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 Aims of Studying History
Through Time

a. 19th century (Positivist era)

- History should not have any other
purpose but for its own sake (historicism)

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 Aims of Studying History
Through Time
a. Modern era
- Emergence of subdisciplines like
Women history, Environmental history,
Labor History, and Urban history.
- - “All history is contemporary History”
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 Aims of Studying History Today
a. History helps us understand people and
societies.
b. History contributes to moral
understanding.
c. History provides identity.

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 Aims of Studying History Today
e. Studying history is essential for good
citizenship.
f. History is useful in the world of work.
g. History can help one develop tolerance
and open-mindedness.
i. History teaches one many critical skills.
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HISTORY and the HISTORIAN

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 WHO IS A HISTORIAN?
- Someone who continuously pursues
historical knowledge.
- Produces historical knowledge and
answers questions about the past through
gathering and interpreting historical
evidence.
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 WHO IS A HISTORIAN?
- Famous Historians in the Philippines
a.Teodoro Agoncillo
b. Reynaldo Ileto
c. Gregorio Zaide
d. Horacio de la Costa
e. Teodoro Kalaw
f. Ambeth Ocampo 20
 TASK OF HISTORIANS
- Ask questions that lead them to
the pursuit of historical research
- Collect and select the facts and
evidences that are significant for
historical research
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 TASK OF HISTORIANS
- Examine and interpret historical
source
- Convert historical sources to
knowledge
- Always subjected to scrutiny by
their peers
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 TASK OF HISTORIANS
- “History is a continuous process of
interaction between the historian
and his facts, an unending
dialogue between the present and
the past”.
- - Edward Hallet Carr
23
HISTORICAL SOURCES

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 Three Types of Written Sources

1. Narrative sources or literacy sources

tell a story or message. These include
diaries, films, biographies, leading
philosophical works and scientific works.

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2. Diplomatic sources - include charters
and other legal documents which observe
a set format.

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3. Social documents - are records created
by organizations, such register of births
and tax records.

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 Primary Sources
- provides direct or firsthand
evidence about an event , an object,
a person, or a work of art.
- relies on primary sources.

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 Different Kinds of Primary
Sources

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 Literary or Cultural Sources
 1. Novels, plays, poems (both
published and in manuscript form)
 2. Television shows, movies, or
videos
 3. Paintings or photographs
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Accounts that describe events,
people or ideas
1. Newspapers
2. Chronicles or historical accounts
3. Essays and speeches
4. Memoirs, diaries, journals and letters
5. Philosophical treatises or manifestos
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 Information about people
 1. Census records
 2. Obituaries
 3. Newspapers articles
 4.Biographies and
autobiographies
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Finding information about a
place
1. Maps and atlases
2. Census information
3. Statistics
4. Photographs
5. City directories
6. Local libraries or historical
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 Finding information about
an organization

 1. Archives ( sometimes held by

libraries, institutions, or historical
societies)

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 Secondary Sources

- generally describe, discuss, interpret,

comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary sources.

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Examples: articles in newspapers or
magazines, book or movie reviews,
articles found in scholarly journals
that discuss or evaluate someone
else's original research.
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 External and Internal
Criticism

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 External criticism - practice of
verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining it's physical
characteristics; consistency with
the historical characteristics of the
time when it was produced; and
the materials used for the
evidence. 38
✣What does it check?
✣Ex. quality of paper, the type of
ink, and the language and
words used in the material
among others
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✣Internal criticism - the
examination of the truthfulness
of the evidence. It looks at the
content of the source and
examines the circumstance of
its production
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✣What does it check?
✣Ex. author of the source, its
context, the agenda behind its
creation, the knowledge which
informed it, and it's intended
purpose, among others.
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 QUIZ
The following resources can be
used if you were preparing a paper
on the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines. Identify if they belong
to primary or secondary resources.

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✣ 1. Liberation: Battle of Manila, A
short documentary film
produced by the Presidential
Communications Development
and Strategic Planning Office
and the Presidential Museum
and Library, (2015)
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2. Awaiting the allies’ return:
The guerrilla resistance against
the Japanese in the Philippines
during World War II,
Doctorate’s Dissertation by
James A. Villanueva, (2009)
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3. Day of Valor, a personal
account of Ricardo G.
Hechanova, a WW II P.O.W.
(Prisoner ofWar) at Camp
O’Donell, Tarlac, (2003)

45
4. Philippine stage
performances during the
Japanese Occupation, by Motoe
Terami-Wada, an article in the
journal, Philippine Studies,
(1981)
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5. We remained: Three years
behind enemy lines in the
Philippine, a personal account of
Col.Russell W. Volkmann, leader
of Filipino and American guerillas
in WW II, (1954)
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6. The 1943 Constitution,
Republic of the Philippines,
(orig. 1943)

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7. The Fateful Years, Japan’s
Adventure in the Philippines 1941-
1945, Teodoro Agoncillo’s (the
author) first-hand account (and
supported with documents) of the
three-years Japanese occupation of
the Philippines, (1965)
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8. World War II Japanese
propaganda posters from
the Philippines (created
between 1943-1944)

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9. Copies of guerilla
newspapers (e.g. Matang
Lawing, Manila Tribune, The
Liberator), (produced during
the years 1942, 1943, and
1944)
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10. The Wainwright Papers
(Historical Documents of World
War II in the Philippines, with
notes and comments, edited by
Celedonio A. Ancheta, (vol. 1-3,
1980 and vol. 4, 1982)
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