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Power System Analysis II

Question paper and solutions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views108 pages

Power System Analysis II

Question paper and solutions.

Uploaded by

tryucando01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

Bus classification - Power flow solution using Gauss Seidel


method - Handling of Voltage controlled buses - Power Flow
Solution by Newton Raphson method-Fast decoupled method.

1
Power Flow Analysis
• It deals with steady state analysis of interconnected power system under
normal conditions.

– System is assumed to be under balanced condition.

• Represented as single phase network.

• It aims at determining the magnitude and phase angle of voltages at each bus,
and active and reactive power at each line.

2
Need For Power Flow Studies

• Planning.

• Operation, economic scheduling and economic exchange of power


between utilities.

• Can also be used in contingency and stability analysis.

3
Power Flow Equations
• A power system network consists of hundreds of nodes and branches with
branches with impedance in pu on a common MVA base.

• Network equation are formulated using the nodal analysis.

– Linear complex simultaneous equations.

– If node current is specified, the equations can be solved easily for the node
equations.

4
Power Flow Equations.

– Current values are not know.

– But, power values are known.

– The equation of system in terms of power are known as power flow


equations.

– These equations are non linear and should be solved iteratively.

5
Types of buses
• Power flow solution is involved in determining the magnitude and phase angle
of voltages at each bus, and active and reactive power at each line.

• Quantities associated with each bus.


– Voltage magnitude.
– Voltage angle.
– Real Power.
– Reactive Power.

6
Types of buses
• Load Bus. (PQ bus)
– Specified variables: P,Q
– Unknowns: |V|, δ

• Generator Bus (PV bus)


– Known variables: P, |V|
– Unknowns: Q, δ

7
Types of buses
• Slack bus.

– Reference bus.

– This makes up the difference between the scheduled power and generated
power that causes the network losses.

– One bus among the PV bus is selected as slack bus.

– Known variables: |V|, δ


– Unknown variables: P,Q
8
Power Flow Equation: Formulation

9
Power Flow Equation: Formulation

10
Gauss Seidel Method
• Consider the function to be optimised is

– f(x)=0;

– The function f(x) can be rewritten to find out x.

– x=g(x);

– If xk is an initial estimate of variable x, the following


iterative sequence is formed.

– x(k+1)=g(x(k))

– A solution is said to be obtained if the difference between


the successive iteration is less than the specified accuracy.
11
Gauss Seidel Method

• For multivariable function, the iteration procedure is initiated by assuming an


appropriate solution for each independent variable.

• The updated values are immediately used in the subsequent equation.

• At end of the iteration, the calculated values are tested against the previous
values.

• If all changes are within the limits, the solution is converged.

12
Power flow problem

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Power flow problem

• At normal operation, voltage magnitude of buses are around 1.0 pu


(Near slack bus voltage).

– Voltage magnitude of PV buses will be slightly greater than that of the slack bus.
– Voltage magnitude of PQ buses will be slightly less than that of the slack bus.

• Flat voltage start:


– All PQ bus voltages are set at 1+j0 at the start of iteration.

15
Power flow problem
• For PQ buses:
– Real and reactive powers Pisch and Qisch are known.
– New values of voltages (Vi) are calculated.

• For PV buses:
– Pisch and |V| are specified.
– Calculate Qi
– Calculate Vi

16
Power flow problem and Gauss Seidel
method
• For PV buses:
– Pisch and |V| are specified.
– Calculate Qi
– Calculate Vi
– Segregate real and imaginary parts of Vi=ei+jfi.
– Retain the imaginary term and obtain real part to satisfy the given |V|.

17
Power flow problem and Gauss Seidel
method
• The updated values immediately replace previous values in the solution of
subsequent equations.

• The process is continued until the change in bus voltage are within the specified
limits.

• For power mismatch to be reasonably small, a very tight tolerance must be specified.
A voltage accuracy of 0.00001 to 0.00005 pu is satisfactory.

• In practice, the iterations are also continued till power mismatch limit with in limits.

• The slack bus powers are calculated once the solution is converged.

18
Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm

• Step1: Form Y bus matrix.

• Step2: Assume Vi=|Vi|∠0 at all generator bus.

• Step3: Assume Vi=1∠0=1+j0 at all load bus.

• Step4: Set iteration count =1

19
Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm
• Step 5: Set bus number i=1

• Step 6: If i is load bus goto step 6a else goto step 6b.

– 6a. calculate Vi.

20
Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm
• Step 6b: (Only for generator bus)
• 1. Calculate Qi
» QGi=Qi+Qli
» If QG limit is violated, fix QG at the limit and treat the bus as PQ bus till
the convergence occurs.

2. Compute Vi
3. Vi=e+fj; Retain the imaginary part f and calculate real part e and update V
vector accordingly.

21
Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm

• Step 7: Compare two successive iteration values of V i.

– If Vi(k+1)-Vi(k) < Tolerance go to step 9


• Else go to step 8.

• Step 8: Update
– Vi(k+1)= Vi(k) +α (Vi(k+1) - Vi(k) )
– K=k+1; go to step 5;

• Step 9: Compute relevant quantities.


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Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm

• Step 9: Compute relevant


quantities.
– Slack bus power

– Line flows

– Plossij

– Qlossij

• Step10: Stop.

23
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Power flow by Gauss Seidel Method
Sample Problem1
• One line diagram of a power system is shown below. The magnitude of voltage at bus
1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. The impedances are marked in pu on a 100 MVA base. Using
Gauss-Seidel determine the phasor values of voltages

25
SAMPLE PROBLEM1

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• A) Calculated voltage vectors

• The solution for this problem converges at the following values at


iteration number 7.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• B) Calculate Slack bus Power

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• C) Calculate line flows
– Line currents

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• C) Calculate line flows

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• C) Calculate line flows
– Line losses

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SAMPLE PROBLEM1

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SAMPLE PROBLEM2
• One line diagram of a simple power system is shown below. The magnitude of voltage
bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with real
power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from
bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Obtain the power
flow solution.

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Form Y bus Matrix

• A) Convert z to y.

• B) Find Y bus elements.

38
Initialize Voltages

39
Calculate scheduled
Power values.

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Iteration 1
• Bus2
– Calculate Voltage at bus 2.

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Iteration 1
• Bus3
– A)Calculate Q at bus 3.

– B)Calculate V at bus 3.

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Iteration 1
• Bus3
– C) Retain Imaginary part and calculate f.

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Iteration 2
• Bus2
– Calculate V2

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Iteration 2
• Bus 3
– A)Calculate Q3
– B)Calculate V3
– C) Calculate e and Update V3.

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Iteration 2
• Final Solution

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• If Generation and Consumption values are given in the same bus.

• If Capacitor is connected in a bus consider the bus as PV bus because Q is


injected in the bus.

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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.

49
Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.

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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.

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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.

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Newton-Raphson Method
• A successive approximation procedure based on an initial estimate of
unknown and the use of Taylor series expansion.

• Consider the solution of one dimensional equation given by,

• If x(0) is an initial estimate of the solution, and Δx(0) is the deviation of x from the
current solution, then

55
Newton-Raphson Method

• Expanding the left hand side in the above equation.

• Neglecting the higher order terms

56
Newton-Raphson Method

• Rearrange and obtain Δx(0)

57
Newton-Raphson Method
• The value of x at the next approximation is

58
Newton-Raphson Method
• At iteration k

• Iterations are carried out till the successive approximations of x are sufficiently
close.
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Newton Raphson Method
Example 1
• Find the value of x satisfying the following function.

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Newton Raphson Method
• Solving simultaneous equations

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Newton Raphson Method
• Solving simultaneous equations

64
Newton Raphson Method
• Solving simultaneous equations

65
Newton Raphson Method
• N-R for n dimensional case

• J(K) is the Jacobian Matrix with partial derivatives at evaluated at X(k).


66
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NR to Power Flow solution
• NR is having quadratic convergence and superior to GS.

• Less prone to divergence. Quadratic convergence means that the square of


the error at one iteration is proportional to the
error at the next iteration.

• More suitable for large power system.

• More efficient and practical.

• Number of iterations required will be lesser compared to that of GS,


however the evaluations per iteration will be larger.

68
NR to Power Flow solution

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NR to Power Flow solution

• In NR for multivariable

• Assuming slack bus as bus1

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NR to Power Flow solution
• Assuming slack bus as bus1

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NR to Power Flow solution
• Number of equations and order of Jacobian

– For PQ buses P and Q are constants.


– For PV buses P is constant Q is not.

– Number of real power constraints n-1.


– Number of reactive power constraints n-m-1;
• m is the number of PV buses.

• Number of rows in Jacobian= n-1+n-m-1=2n-m-2;


• Order of Jacobian matrix=(2n-m-2)*(2n-m-2)

73
NR to Power Flow solution

• J1 (n-1)*(n-1)
• J2(n-1)*(n-m-1)
• J3(n-m-1)*(n-1)
• J4(n-m-1)*(n-m-1)
74
NR to Power Flow solution
• Elements of J1 and J2

75
NR to Power Flow solution

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NR to Power Flow solution
• Elements of J3 and J4

77
NR to Power Flow solution

• Termination criteria:

– Power residuals are less than a predefined value, then stop the iteration.

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Algorithm for Power Flow Solution by NR

1. Set initial values of voltage magnitude and angle.

2. Calculate P and Q for load buses.

3. Calculate P for generator buses.

4. Calculate ΔP and ΔQ for load buses.

5. Calculate ΔP for generator buses.


79
Algorithm for Power Flow Solution by NR

6. Calculate the elements of Jacobian matrix.

7. Find change in voltage magnitude and angle.

8. Compute new values of voltage magnitude and angle.

9. If power residuals are less than the predefined value, go to next step else

increment k and go to step2.

10. Stop.
80
SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• One line diagram of a simple power system is shown below. The magnitude of voltage
bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with real
power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from
bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Obtain the power
flow solution by NR method.

81
SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• Solution
• The Ybus matrix of the system is

82
SAMPLE PROBLEM1

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Sample Problem 2
• Perform two iterations of NR load flow method and determine the voltage magnitude and
angle at bus 2. Base MVA is 100. Bus 1 is slack bus with voltage magnitude 1.05 and angle 0.
BUS DATA
BUS PL QL
1 90 20
2 30 10

• The admittance matrix of the system is

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Fast-Decoupled method

106
Fast-Decoupled method

• The fast decoupled power flow method is an extension of Newton-Raphson method


with certain approximations which result into a fast algorithm for power flow solution.

107
Comparison between GS and NR for Power
Flow Problem

108
Assignment 2
• Due 27/09/2023

109

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