Power System Analysis II
Power System Analysis II
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Power Flow Analysis
• It deals with steady state analysis of interconnected power system under
normal conditions.
• It aims at determining the magnitude and phase angle of voltages at each bus,
and active and reactive power at each line.
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Need For Power Flow Studies
• Planning.
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Power Flow Equations
• A power system network consists of hundreds of nodes and branches with
branches with impedance in pu on a common MVA base.
– If node current is specified, the equations can be solved easily for the node
equations.
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Power Flow Equations.
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Types of buses
• Power flow solution is involved in determining the magnitude and phase angle
of voltages at each bus, and active and reactive power at each line.
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Types of buses
• Load Bus. (PQ bus)
– Specified variables: P,Q
– Unknowns: |V|, δ
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Types of buses
• Slack bus.
– Reference bus.
– This makes up the difference between the scheduled power and generated
power that causes the network losses.
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Power Flow Equation: Formulation
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Gauss Seidel Method
• Consider the function to be optimised is
– f(x)=0;
– x=g(x);
– x(k+1)=g(x(k))
• At end of the iteration, the calculated values are tested against the previous
values.
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Power flow problem
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Power flow problem
– Voltage magnitude of PV buses will be slightly greater than that of the slack bus.
– Voltage magnitude of PQ buses will be slightly less than that of the slack bus.
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Power flow problem
• For PQ buses:
– Real and reactive powers Pisch and Qisch are known.
– New values of voltages (Vi) are calculated.
• For PV buses:
– Pisch and |V| are specified.
– Calculate Qi
– Calculate Vi
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Power flow problem and Gauss Seidel
method
• For PV buses:
– Pisch and |V| are specified.
– Calculate Qi
– Calculate Vi
– Segregate real and imaginary parts of Vi=ei+jfi.
– Retain the imaginary term and obtain real part to satisfy the given |V|.
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Power flow problem and Gauss Seidel
method
• The updated values immediately replace previous values in the solution of
subsequent equations.
• The process is continued until the change in bus voltage are within the specified
limits.
• For power mismatch to be reasonably small, a very tight tolerance must be specified.
A voltage accuracy of 0.00001 to 0.00005 pu is satisfactory.
• In practice, the iterations are also continued till power mismatch limit with in limits.
• The slack bus powers are calculated once the solution is converged.
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Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm
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Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm
• Step 5: Set bus number i=1
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Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm
• Step 6b: (Only for generator bus)
• 1. Calculate Qi
» QGi=Qi+Qli
» If QG limit is violated, fix QG at the limit and treat the bus as PQ bus till
the convergence occurs.
2. Compute Vi
3. Vi=e+fj; Retain the imaginary part f and calculate real part e and update V
vector accordingly.
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Gauss Seidel Method For Power Flow
Analysis-Algorithm
• Step 8: Update
– Vi(k+1)= Vi(k) +α (Vi(k+1) - Vi(k) )
– K=k+1; go to step 5;
– Line flows
– Plossij
– Qlossij
• Step10: Stop.
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Power flow by Gauss Seidel Method
Sample Problem1
• One line diagram of a power system is shown below. The magnitude of voltage at bus
1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. The impedances are marked in pu on a 100 MVA base. Using
Gauss-Seidel determine the phasor values of voltages
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• A) Calculated voltage vectors
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• B) Calculate Slack bus Power
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• C) Calculate line flows
– Line currents
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• C) Calculate line flows
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• C) Calculate line flows
– Line losses
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
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SAMPLE PROBLEM2
• One line diagram of a simple power system is shown below. The magnitude of voltage
bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with real
power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from
bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Obtain the power
flow solution.
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Form Y bus Matrix
• A) Convert z to y.
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Initialize Voltages
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Calculate scheduled
Power values.
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Iteration 1
• Bus2
– Calculate Voltage at bus 2.
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Iteration 1
• Bus3
– A)Calculate Q at bus 3.
– B)Calculate V at bus 3.
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Iteration 1
• Bus3
– C) Retain Imaginary part and calculate f.
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Iteration 2
• Bus2
– Calculate V2
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Iteration 2
• Bus 3
– A)Calculate Q3
– B)Calculate V3
– C) Calculate e and Update V3.
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Iteration 2
• Final Solution
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• If Generation and Consumption values are given in the same bus.
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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.
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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.
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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.
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Sample Problem 3
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, at the end of iteration 1, determine bus
voltages for the system take base MVA=100 and acceleration factor as 1.6.
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Newton-Raphson Method
• A successive approximation procedure based on an initial estimate of
unknown and the use of Taylor series expansion.
• If x(0) is an initial estimate of the solution, and Δx(0) is the deviation of x from the
current solution, then
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Newton-Raphson Method
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Newton-Raphson Method
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Newton-Raphson Method
• The value of x at the next approximation is
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Newton-Raphson Method
• At iteration k
• Iterations are carried out till the successive approximations of x are sufficiently
close.
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Newton Raphson Method
Example 1
• Find the value of x satisfying the following function.
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Newton Raphson Method
• Solving simultaneous equations
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Newton Raphson Method
• Solving simultaneous equations
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Newton Raphson Method
• Solving simultaneous equations
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Newton Raphson Method
• N-R for n dimensional case
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NR to Power Flow solution
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NR to Power Flow solution
• In NR for multivariable
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NR to Power Flow solution
• Assuming slack bus as bus1
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NR to Power Flow solution
• Number of equations and order of Jacobian
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NR to Power Flow solution
• J1 (n-1)*(n-1)
• J2(n-1)*(n-m-1)
• J3(n-m-1)*(n-1)
• J4(n-m-1)*(n-m-1)
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NR to Power Flow solution
• Elements of J1 and J2
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NR to Power Flow solution
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NR to Power Flow solution
• Elements of J3 and J4
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NR to Power Flow solution
• Termination criteria:
– Power residuals are less than a predefined value, then stop the iteration.
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Algorithm for Power Flow Solution by NR
9. If power residuals are less than the predefined value, go to next step else
10. Stop.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• One line diagram of a simple power system is shown below. The magnitude of voltage
bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with real
power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from
bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. Obtain the power
flow solution by NR method.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
• Solution
• The Ybus matrix of the system is
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SAMPLE PROBLEM1
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Sample Problem 2
• Perform two iterations of NR load flow method and determine the voltage magnitude and
angle at bus 2. Base MVA is 100. Bus 1 is slack bus with voltage magnitude 1.05 and angle 0.
BUS DATA
BUS PL QL
1 90 20
2 30 10
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Fast-Decoupled method
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Fast-Decoupled method
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Comparison between GS and NR for Power
Flow Problem
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Assignment 2
• Due 27/09/2023
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