ITU 07305

DATABASE PRINCIPLES
1.0 EXPLAIN CONCEPTS OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MANAGING
DATA
• Identify types of Databases
• Explain advantages/ Disadvantages of
file processing
• Describe purpose, merits and demerits
of database system
• Explain components of Database 1
TYPES OF
DATABASES

2
OUTLINE
• Data and Big Data Concepts
• Data, Database and DBMS
definitions
• Database Applications
• Example of a Database
(UNIVERSITY)
• Main Characteristics of the
Database Approach
• Database types
3
 DATA, DATABASE AND DBMS
• No Database without Data!

• DATA is refers to raw facts and figures.

• Data can either be Numeric and texts

• Big data are high-volume, high-velocity,

and/or high-variety information assets that
require new forms of processing to enable
enhanced decision making, insight discovery
4
and process optimization
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (1)
 Social Networks started capturing a lot of
information about people and about
communications among people-posts, tweets,
photos, videos in systems such as:
 Facebook All of them constitutes data
 Twitter
 Linked-In

• Search Engines, Google, Bing, Yahoo: collect

their own repository of web pages for searching
purposes. 5
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (2)
 New technologies are emerging from the so-called
non-SQL, non-database software vendors to
manage vast amounts of data generated on the
web:

 Big data storage systems involving large clusters

of distributed computers
 NOSQL (Non-SQL, Not Only SQL) systems

 A large amount of data now resides on the “cloud”

which means it is in huge data centers using
6
thousands of machines.
BIG DATA
• Big data are high-volume, high-velocity, and/or
high-variety information assets that require new forms
of processing to enable enhanced decision making,
insight discovery and process optimization” (Gartner
2012)
Three Vs? Other Vs?
 Veracity: refers to the trustworthiness of the data
 Value: will data lead to the discovery of a critical
causal effect?
• Bottom line: Any data that exceeds our current
capability of processing can be regarded as “big”
• Complicated (intelligent) analysis of data may make a
small data “appear” to be “big” 7
WHY IS BIG DATA IS A BIG DEAL?
 Government
 Private Sector
 Walmart handles more than 1 million customer
transactions every hour, which is imported into
databases estimated to contain more than 2.5
petabytes of data
 Facebook handles 40 billion photos from its user base
 Falcon Credit Card Fraud Detection System protects 2.1
billion active accounts world-wide
 Science
 Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will generate 140
Terabyte of data every 5 days
 Biomedical computation like decoding human Genome
and personalized medicine 8
DATA, DATABASE AND DBMS
DEFINITIONS
• No Database without Data!
• DATA is refers to raw facts and figures.
• Database is an organized collection of structured data
stored in a computer system and usually controlled by a
database management system (DBMS).
• Database Management System (DBMS) is a software
tool that allows users to create, define, store, manage,
and manipulate data in a database. DBMSs provides a
way for organizations and businesses to store, organize
and retrieve large amounts of data quickly and efficiently in
an organized manner.
• Database application refers to software running a
database system. It provides interface to end user.
Databases touch all aspects of our lives. 9
DBMS
• Oracle
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• MongoDB
• Redis
• IBM DB2
• Microsoft SQL Server

10
 DATABASE APPLICATIONS
Traditional applications (types of data):
• Numeric and textual databases
More recent applications (based on the
accessibility, purpose and types)
• Multimedia databases
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Biological and genome databases
• Data warehouses
• Mobile databases
• Real-time and active databases 11
 IMPACT OF DATABASES AND
DATABASE TECHNOLOGY
• Businesses: Banking, Insurance, Retail,
Transportation, Healthcare, Manufacturing

• Service industries: Financial, Real-estate, Legal,

Electronic Commerce, Small businesses

• Education : Resources for content and Delivery

• Personalized applications: based on smart mobile
devices.

• More recently: Social Networks, Environmental and

Scientific Applications, Medicine and Genetics 12
A SIMPLIFIED ARCHITECTURE FOR A
DATABASE SYSTEM
View level: what application programs see; views can
also hide information (such as an instructor’s salary)
for security purposes.
Physical
level:
describes how
a record (e.g.,
type instructor =
instructor) is
record
stored.
ID : string;
name : string;
dept_name : string;
salary : integer;
end; 13
A SIMPLIFIED ARCHITECTURE FOR A
DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

14
DBMS FACILITATES
• Define a particular database in terms of its data
types, structures, and constraints
• Construct or load the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
• Manipulating the database:
• Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
• Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to
its content
• Accessing the database through Web applications
• Processing and sharing by a set of concurrent
users and application programs – yet, keeping all
data valid and consistent 15
DBMS FUNCTIONALITIES
• DBMS may additionally provide:

• Protection or security measures to prevent

unauthorized access

• Presentation and visualization of data

• Maintenance of the database and associated

programs over the lifetime of the database
application
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APPLICATION PROGRAMS AND DBMS
Applications interact with a
database by generating

- Queries: that access different parts

of data and formulate the result of a
request

- Transactions: that may read some

data and “update” certain values or
generate new data and store that in 17
EXAMPLE OF A DATABASE
(WITH A CONCEPTUAL DATA
MODEL)
An example:
• A UNIVERSITY DB

Some entities:
• STUDENT
• COURSE
• MODULE
• DEPARTMENT
• INSTRUCTOR
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EXAMPLE OF A DATABASE
(WITH A CONCEPTUAL DATA
MODEL)
Some DB relationships:
• MODULEs are of specific COURSE
• STUDENTs take MODULEs
• COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
• INSTRUCTORs teach MODULEs
• COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
• STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

Note: The above entities and relationships are

typically expressed in a conceptual data model,
such as the entity-relationship (ER) or UML class
model
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EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE
DATABASE

20
RELATIONA MODEL

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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DATABASE APPROACH (1)
Self-describing nature of a database
system:
• A DBMS catalog stores the description of a
particular database (e.g. data structures, types,
and constraints)
• The description is called meta-data*
• This allows the DBMS software to work with
different database applications.
Insulation between programs and data:
• Called program-data independence
• Allows changing data structures and storage 22
EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLIFIED
DATABASE CATALOG

23
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DATABASE APPROACH (2)
Data abstraction:
• A data model is used to hide storage
details and present the users with a
conceptual view of the database.
• Programs refer to the data model
constructs rather than data storage details
Support of multiple views of the data:
• Each user may see a different view of the
database, which describes only the data of
interest to that user.
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DATABASE APPROACH (3)
Sharing of data and multi-user
transaction processing:
• Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve
from and to update the database.
• Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees
that each transaction is correctly executed or
aborted
• Recovery subsystem ensures each completed
transaction has its effect permanently recorded in
the database
• OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major
part of database applications; allows hundreds of 25
DATABASES TYPES

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27
DATABASE TYPES

• Hierarchical databases
• Network databases
• Object-oriented databases
• Relational databases
• Cloud Database
• Centralized Database
• Distributed Database
• NoSQL databases

To be continued on DB Lecture
3… 28
 29

CA EVALUATIONS
CA Measureme
Target
Components nt
Test 100% 20
Practical Test 100% 10
Assignment 100% 10
Total Average(3) 40
THANK
YOU

Happyness Munissi
[email protected]
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