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Chapter-3b - K Maps - II

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6 views23 pages

Chapter-3b - K Maps - II

Uploaded by

Markhor Gaming
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LOGIC AND SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT

DESIGN

SOYIBA JAWED

FALL, 2023
CHAPTER 3 – GATE-LEVEL MINIMIZATION

2
Prime Implicants
•Prime Implicants
•All the minterms are covered.
•Minimize the number of terms.
•A prime implicant: a product term obtained by
combining the maximum possible number of adjacent
squares (combining all possible maximum numbers of
squares).
•Essential P.I.: a minterm is covered by only one
prime implicant.
•The essential P.I. must be included.
•Redundant P.I.: a minterm’s all literals are is
covered by other prime implicant(s).
Prime Implicants
• Consider F(A, B, C, D) = Σ(0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15)
• The simplified expression may not be unique
•F = BD+B'D'+CD+AD = BD+B'D'+CD+AB'
= BD+B'D'+B'C+AD = BD+B'D'+B'C+AB'
Prime Implicants
Prime Implicants
Prime Implicants
Five-Variable Map
•Map for more than four variables becomes complicated
• Five-variable map: two four-variable map (one on the top of the
other).
Example 3.8
•Simplify F = S(0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31)

F = A'B'E'+BD'E+ACE
Example 3.8
•Another Map for Example 3-8
Product of Sums Simplification
• Simplified F' in the form of sum of products
• Apply De-Morgan's theorem F = (F')'
• F': sum of products → F: product of sums
Example 3.9
• Simplify F = S(0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10) into (a) sum-of-
products form, and (b) product-of-sums form:
Example 3.9
• Simplify F = S(0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10) into (a) sum-of-
products form, and (b) product-of-sums form:

a) F(A, B, C, D)= S(0, 1, 2, 5,


8, 9, 10) =
B'D'+B'C'+A'C'D

b) F' = AB+CD+BD'
a) Apply De-Morgan's theorem;
F=(A'+B')(C'+D')(B'+D)
Example 3.9
•Gate implementation of the function of Example 3.9

Sum-of products Product-of sums


form form
Sum-of-Minterm Procedure
• Consider the function defined in Table 3.2.

• In sum-of-minterm:

F ( x, y , z )  (1,3, 4,6)

• In product-of-maxterm:

F ( x, y , z ) (0, 2,5,7)
Sum-of-Minterm Procedure
•Consider the function defined in Table 3.2.
Combine the 1’s:
F ( x, y , z )  x z  xz 
•Combine the 0’s we will
get F in simplified form
in SOP.
•Take the complement of
F to get simplified form of F in POS form.
Don't-Care Conditions
•The value of a function is not specified for certain
combinations of variables
• BCD; 1010-1111: don't care

•The don't-care conditions can be utilized in logic


minimization
• Can be implemented as 0 or 1
Don’t Care States x y z f (x,y,z)
• You don’t always need all 2n input combinations in an n- 0 0 0 0
variable function 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 X
• If you can guarantee that certain input combinations never 0 1 1 0
occur 1 0 0 0
• If some outputs aren’t used in the rest of the circuit
1 0 1 1
• BCD code uses only 0-9 combinations out of 16 and don’t 1 1 0 X
care about 10-15.
1 1 1 1

 We mark don’t-care outputs in truth tables and K-maps with Xs.


 Within a K-map, each X can be considered as either 0 or 1. You should pick
the interpretation that allows for the most simplification.
Don’t Care States
Y
1 1
1 1
X
1 1
W
1 x
Z

f(w,x,y,z)= x’z’ + w’xy’ + wxy


Don’t Care States
Don’t Care States

f = A'D + BC'D without don't cares


f = A’D + C’D with don't cares
Example 3.9
• Simplify F(w, x, y, z) = S(1, 3, 7, 11, 15) which has the
don't-care conditions d(w, x, y, z) = S(0, 2, 5).
Example 3.9
Two solutions of the problem:

•F = yz + w'x'
F = S(0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 15)

•F = yz + w'z
F = S(1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15)

•Either expression is acceptable

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