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3 views

Variable

Uploaded by

ahmadrazapk595
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Organizing and displaying data

Variables
Tayyeba Rehman,
BHMS, Mphil Phytomedicine,
Lecturer BHMS (UCCM),
Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, IUB
Understand the concept of
variable
Distinguish the types of
variables
Recognize data processing
methods

Learning Objectives
Select the variables relevant to
study
Perform appropriate data
transformation
Present data appropriately

Performance Objectives
“A variable is any quantity that
varies. Any attribute, phenomenon or
event that can have different values”
“A factor or characteristic that can be
measured observed or manipulated in
an experiment or study.”

Definition
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
◦ Variable affected by the ◦ Variable that is presumed
independent variable to influence other variable
◦ It responds to the ◦ It is the presumed cause,
independent variable. whereas the dependent
◦ A variable that is measured variable is the presumed
or observed in response to effect.
changes made to the ◦ Can be manipulated or
dependent variable. changed in a study by
researcher
You are interested in “How stress affects mental state
of human beings?”
◦ Independent variable ----- Stress
◦ Dependent variable ---- mental state of human beings
You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human
subjects and measure how those stress levels change mental
state.

Example 1
Promotion affects employees’ motivation

◦ Independent variable ----- Promotion


◦ Dependent variable ----Employees motivation

Example 2
“Dietary habits affects BMI”
“Activity level affects BMI?”
“Residence (Hostel/Days collar /Urban/Rural affects
BMI?”
“Stress/Depression affects BMI?”
“Diseases affects BMI?”

Assignment for students to find type of


variable
It is a variable whose existence is inferred but it
cannot be measured.
It is caused by the independent variable and is itself a
cause of the dependent variable.
Intervening/Mediating Variable

Intervening/Mediating Variable
Determining the effect of video clips on learning
ability of students of M.Phil.
The association between video clips and learning
ability needs to be explained.
Other variables intervene Such as anxiety, fatigue,
motivation, improper diet, etc.

Example 1
Higher education typically leads to higher income
◦ Higher education----(independent variable)
◦ Higher income----(dependent variable)
◦ Better occupation---- intervening variable
It is causally affected by education and itself affects income.

Example 2
Assignment for students to find
any possible
confounding/intervening
variables during data collection
of BMI
Role Of Variable
Association
Independent Dependen
t
Independent Independent
Effect
Confounding modifier
Dependent
Dependent
Data is a specific measurement of a variable – it is the
value you record in your data sheet. Data is generally
divided into two categories:
Quantitative data represents amounts.
Categorical data represents groupings.
A variable that contains quantitative data is
a quantitative variable; a variable that contains
categorical data is a categorical variable. Each of
these types of variable can be broken down into further
types.

Types of data: Quantitative vs categorical variables


Categorical variables represent groupings of some
kind. They are sometimes recorded as numbers, but
the numbers represent categories rather than actual
amounts of things.

Categorical variables
Binary vs nominal vs ordinal variables
Type of variable What does the data Examples
represent?

Binary nominal Yes/no outcomes. •Heads/tails in a coin flip


/categorical Two groups only •Win/lose in a football game
variables (dichotomous
variables)

Nominal variables Groups with no rank or order •Species names


/categorical variables between them. •Colors
/Multichotmous •Brands

Ordinal variables Groups that are ranked in a •Finishing place in a race


specific order. •Rating scale responses in a
survey*

Types of categorical variables


When you collect quantitative data, the numbers you
record represent real amounts that can be added,
subtracted, divided, etc. There are two types of
quantitative variables:
 discrete
 continuous.

Quantitative variables
Discrete vs continuous variables
Type of variable What does the data Examples
represent?

Discrete Counts of individual •Number of students


variables (aka integer items or values. in a class
variables) •Number of different
tree species in a forest

Continuous Measurements of •Distance


variables (aka ratio continuous or non- •Volume
variables) finite values. •Age
Types of quantitative variables
Example data sheet
To keep track of your salt-tolerance experiment, you
make a data sheet where you record information about
the variables in the experiment, like salt addition and
plant health.
To gather information about plant responses over time,
you can fill out the same data sheet every few days
until the end of the experiment. This example sheet is
color-coded according to the type of
variable: nominal, continuous, ordinal, and binary.

Example
Thank you!

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