Artificial Intelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence?

• In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in
touch with different new technologies day by day.
• Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial
Intelligence.
• The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working
with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-
driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting,
etc.
• AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-
made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a
man-made thinking power."
• Definition: It is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.

• With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine

to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and
that is the awesomeness of AI.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which
can solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as
health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant,
such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things
by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial
Intelligence?
• To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
• To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone

to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform
the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human
can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as
a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
Application of AI
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial
Intelligence:
1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe
such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this
industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can
inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to
the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry
is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very
efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI
can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and
requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of
doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can
make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI,
we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed.
Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.
• 10. AI in Entertainment
• We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life
with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With
the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows.
• 11. AI in Agriculture
• Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money,
and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital,
and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping
shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size,
color, or even brand.
13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students,
which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.
14. Speech Recognition
Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending
the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human
talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

15. Handwriting Recognition

The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper
by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text.
16. Intelligent Robots
Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have
efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit
intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their
mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

17. Natural Language Processing

It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural
language spoken by humans
Difference between Human and
Machine Intelligence
• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set
of rules and data.
• Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by
searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to
remember, store and recall as its pattern is simple.
• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is
missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot correctly.
• The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width.
While proceeding, we consider the broadly common and prospering
research areas in the domain of AI:
Speech and Voice Recognition
• These both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural
language processing. Though these terms are used interchangeably,
their objectives are different
Agents and Environment
• An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The
agents act in their environment. The environment may contain other
agents.
• What are Agent and Environment?
An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors
and acts upon that environment through effectors.
• A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue
and skin parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs,
mouth, for effectors.
• A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the
sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors.
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions