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CH 7

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8 views31 pages

CH 7

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Dodge City TechClasses
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CompTIA Network +

Chapter 7
Introducing Wide-Area Networks
Objectives
 What are three categories of wide-area networks (WAN)
connections?
 How are data rates measured a various WAN
technologies?
 Which are the characteristics of the following WAN
technologies: dedicated leased line, digital subscriber
line (DSL), cable modem, Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET), satellite, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS),
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Frame
Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)?
Introducing Wide-Area Networks
 In the early 1990s, computer-networking design guides
invoked the Pareto Principle, which stated that 80% of
your traffic stays local, while only 20% of your traffic
leaves the local network. This was called the 80/20 Rule.

 Today this is reversed, network traffic patterns are more


closely approximated with 20/80 Rule.
WAN Properties
 Some WAN connections are considered to be always-
on, in that the connection is always available without
having to first set up the connection.

 Conversely, some WAN technologies are on-demand,


meaning that the connection is not established until
needed.
WAN Properties
 WAN connection can generally be classified into
one of three categories:

 Dedicated leased Line

 Circuit-switched Connection

 Packet-switched Connection
WAN Connection Types
WAN Connection Types

• Connection brought up when needed, like


a phone call (virtual circuit)
WAN Connection Types

• Always on
• Multiple customers share bandwidth
WAN Data Rates
 WAN links are typically slower than LAN links;
however, some WAN technologies boast a
bandwidth capacity in tens of Gbps.
 Error in textbook near table 7-1 faster -> slower
 Aside from measuring bandwidth in kbps, Mbps
or Gbps, high-speed optical networks often use
optical carrier (OC) levels to indicate
bandwidth.
 OC-1 link is 51.84 Mbps
WAN Data Rates

WAN Technology Typical Available Bandwidth


Frame Relay 56 kbps – 1.544 Mbps
T1 1.544 Mbps
T3 44.736 Mbps
E1 2.048 Mbps
E3 34.4 Mbps
ATM 155 Mbps – 622 Mbps
SONET 51.84 Mbps (OC-1) – 159.25 Gbps (OC-3072)
WAN Media Types
 Physical Media
 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

 Coaxial Cable

 Fiber-optic cable

 Electric power lines


WAN Media Types
 Wireless Media
 Cellular phone
 LTE goes up to 100 Mbps
 WIMAX is slower, and being replaced by LTE
 Satellite

 HSPA+
 Wireless broadband up to 84 <bps
WAN Technologies
 Dedicated Leased Line
 A dedicated leased line is typically a point-to-point
connection interconnecting two sites.
 All the bandwidth on that line is available to those
sites.
 WAN technologies commonly used with dedicated
leased lines include digital circuit, such as T1, T3
circuits.
 A single 64-kbps channel is called a Digital Signal
0 (DS0)
WAN Technologies
T-carriers Single Levels
# of T1 # of Voice
Carrier Signal Level Speed
signals Channels
T1 DS-1 1 24 1.544 Mbps
T1c DS-1c 2 48 3.152 Mbps
T2 DS-2 4 96 6.312 Mbps
T3 DS-3 28 672 44.736 Mbps
T4 DS-4 168 4032 274.760 Mbps
Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit
(CSU/DSU)

CSU/DSU Terminating a Synchronous Circuit


Point-to-Point Protocol
 One of the common Layer 2 protocols used on dedicated
leased lines is Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
 Capability to simultaneously transmit multiple Layer 3 protocols.
 PPP does this through the use of Control Protocols (CP).
 Each Layer 3 CP runs an instance of PPP’s Link Control
Protocol (LCP).
 Multilink interface
 Bonds several physical connections to a single logical interface
 For load balancing
 Looped link detection
 Error detection
 Authentication
 PAP
 CHAP
PAP

PAP Authentication
CHAP

CHAP Authentication
PPPoE
Digital Subscriber Line
 Commonplace in many residential and small business
locations (SOHO), digital subscriber line (DSL) is a
group of technologies that provide high-speed data
transmission over existing telephone wiring.
 DSL has several variants, which differ in data rate and
distance limitations.
 Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
 Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
 Very High Bit-Rate DSL (VDSL)
ADSL Sample Topology

Internet
Cable Modem
SONET
Satellite
• High latency
• Weather-
sensitive
Plain Old Telephone Service
Integrated Services Digital Network
• BRI: 128Kbps
• PRI: 1.544 Mbps
Frame Relay

• Virtual circuits at layer 2


• PVCs (permanent virtual
circuits)
• SVCs (switched virtual circuits)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a Layer 2 WAN
technology that operates using the concept of PVCs and
SVCs.
 ATM uses fixed-length cells as its protocol data unit
(PDU).
 An ATM cell contains a 48-byte payload and a 5-byte
header.

5-Byte 48-Byte Payload


Header
ATM
ATM
Multiprotocol Label Switching

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