INTRODUCTION

TO ENGINEERING
DRAWING
FOR ENGINEERING GRAPHICS LAB
WHAT IS
ENGINEERING
DRAWING
Engineering drawing is a technique of
creating graphical representation that
contains all necessary information such as
dimensions, specification and notes using
which an abstract concept can be
transformed into real world object.
To realize such concept, basic tools of
construction of drawing has to be clearly
understood as to what standard has to be
followed.
There is an international standard on code
of practice for drawing which is followed
and adopted by Bureau of Indian
Standard(BIS)
DRAWING SHEET(IS10711:2001)
Consider an isosceles triangle ABC of unit length as shown
below
Now rotate BC anticlockwise so that BC becomes
perpendicular to AB as shown below
Now taking AB as one side and BC as another side
complete a rectangle ABCD as shown below
There are two basic principles involved in arriving at the sizes
of A0 sheet
(i) X:Y= 1:√2, where, X,Y€ side
(ii) Surface area (XY) of A0 sheet is unity i.e. XY=1
X:Y= 1/√2
X/Y= 1/√2
Y=x√2…..(1)
Also XY=1, X.X√2=1 from equation(1)
X=0.841m
Y=0.841√2=1.189
Hence value of X and Y is given as
X=0.841m (or) 841mm
Y=1.189m (or) 1189mm
Successive smaller sizes are obtained by halving
previous size sheets, with the above constant width to
length ratio i.e. (X:Y=1:√2)
Example:
2-D View
3-D View
NOTE:
The ISO ‘A’ series of sheet is based
on a constant width to length ratio
of 1:√2
Application
 The relationship of 1:√2 is particularly
important for reduction onto microfilm, or
reduction and enlargement on
photocopiers.
 Allmetric equipment including microfilm
cameras, microfilm printers, photocopies
and even drawing pen sizes are designed
around this ratio
Note:
(1) A2 size drawing sheet is preferred for class use.
(2) Recommended size and its designation of ISO ‘A’ series of sheet is
given below.
Recommended size of drawing sheets
Drawing sheet (IS 10711:2001)
Designation Size(mm)(Length x width)
A0 1189x841
A1 841x594
A2 594x420
A3 420x297
A4 297x210
Drawing Board (IS1444:1989)
• It is generally made from soft wood such as white pine, oak, red
cedar etc.
• To prevent warping, the board should be made of narrow strips of
wood joined together accurately.
Engineering drawing board
Recommended sizes of drawing board
Drawing Boards (IS 1444: 1989)

Designation Size(mm) Recommended for use

Length x width with sheet sizes
D0/B0 1270x920 A0

D1/B1 920x650 A1

D2/B2 650x470 A2

D3/B3 500x350 A3

Note: D2 size drawing board is normally used for class work.

Scales
 The word ‘scale’ is usually employed for an
instrument used for drawing or measuring the
length straight line.
 Itis also used to represent the proportion in
which the drawing is made with respect to the
object
 Itis also used to make full size, reduced size or
enlarged size drawing depending upon the size of
the object and that of the drawing sheet.
Mini Drafter
 It combines the function of a T-square, set square, scales and
protractor.
 It is used for drawing horizontal, vertical, inclined, parallel,
perpendicular lines along with its measurement.
 It is also used to trace angle
Set Square
 A pair of right angled triangle is called set square.
 A set square has either 450- 450 angle or 300-600 angle.
 The 45 degree set square shown below in fig is a right angled
triangle having acute angles of 450 . The 300 – 60 0 set-square
shown in fig is a right-angled triangle in which acute angle
measures 300 and 600 .
 Set square are usually made of transparent plastic to see the work
underneath.
 They are used to draw lines inclined at 300 , 450 , and 600 with the
horizontal by using two set squares, lines inclined at 150 , 750 , 1050
can also be drawn
 Note: A circle can be divided in six, eight, twelve, twenty four
equal parts by set squares.
Protractor
 A protractor is used to draw and measure the angles.
 It is available separately or are merged in 450 set square.
 A medium size transparent protractor is capable of measuring up to
10 is recommended.
 T-Square
It is a T shape drawing tool whose mating edge is slide along width of
drawing board with the help of stock.
It is useful in drawing horizontal lines.
Compass
 A compass is used to draw circles, arcs and curves.
1. Large compass: used to draw circles from 25mm to 150mm.
Small spring bow compass: used for drawing small circle up to
25mm diameter.

Small spring bow compasses are of two types

(i) Bow pencil compass
(ii) Bow pen compass
Note:
1. for drawing circles of diameter greater than 150mm, lengthening
bar attachment is used in which lower part of pencil leg is
detached and lengthening bar is inserted in its place as shown
below.
2. While using a compass and pencil to draw a circle, the pencil lead
position with respect to the tip of the compass should be at least
1mm because the tip goes into the broad for grip by 1mm
Dividers
It is of two types:
1 Large divider
2 Small spring bow divider
Dividers are used

1. For transferring dimensions from one

part of the drawing to another part.
2. For dividing straight or curved lines
into a number of equal parts.
Drawing Pencil
 Various grades of pencils are available according to the proportion
of graphite to clay mixture in the pencil lead.
 A set of pencil ranges from hardest to softest is shown below.
 Humidity affects the graphite core of lead pencils.
 On dry days, the pencil leaves more dust or residue than on days
of high humidity.
 On damp days, pencil lines appear more black or dense. Hence
while drawing on a day of high humidity, use a pencil with one
grade harder to produce drawing quality similar to that on a dry
day.
 The working end of a pencil may have a number of different
shapes, namely: conical, chiselled or bevelled as shown in figure
below
 Theseends are carefully prepared by blade-
type pencil cutter and sand papers.
 Conicalpoint is used for general purpose
including writing, dimensioning and marking
arrowheads.
 Chisel edge is suitable for drawing straight
lines while bevelled is preferred for drawing
circles and arcs.
Note:
 HB-(Soft grade): Used for drawing border lines,
lettering and freehand sketching
 H-(Medium grade): Used for drawing visible
outlines, visible edges and boundary lines
 2H(Hard grade): Used for construction lines,
dimension lines, leader lines, extension lines,
centre lines, hatching lines and hidden lines.
French Curves
 French curves are used to draw smooth curves of almost any
desired curvature in mechanical drawings.
 They are made of transparent plastic having an edge composed of
several different curves.
 They are available in a variety of shapes and sizes.
 A typical set of three French curves available in Indian market are
illustrated in figure below.
 It is used in drawing curve (like ellipse, parabola, involute etc.) for
which a series of points are plotted along the desired path then the
most suitable curve is made along the edge of curve.
 Example:
 Drawing an irregular curve
You need to perform the following steps to draw an irregular curve:
1. Locate the curve through a series of points
2. Sketch a curve through the point for best results.
3. Align the French curve with only two or three points and draw the
curve only through these points. The curve segment drawn
through the last these point should be aimed in the general
direction of the next point.
4. Adjust the French curve to go through the next two or three points.
5. Repeat these steps to complete the curve.
 The pictorial representation of these steps is given in figure
below
Layout of a drawing sheet (IS 10711:2001)
(a) Title Block of Drawing (IS 10711:2001)
• It lies within the drawing space of bottom right hand corner of sheet
• It has the maximum length 170mm.
• It gives title of drawing, drawing number, scale symbol denoting
method of projection, name of company etc.
• It is divided into two zones.
Identification zone:
it provides legal owner of drawing viz. name of the firm, companies
etc.
Additional Information zone:
It provides technical information viz. scale, projection symbol etc.
(b)Centring Marks
Four centring marks are provided on all drawing to meet the
requirement of positioning of the drawing for microfilmed reproduction.
(c) Orientation Marks:
• Two orientation mark is provided in layout to indicate the
orientation of drawing.
• These marks have arrow and must be placed across the frame, one
on shorter side and one at longer side which are coinciding with
the centring mark on those sides.
(d) Grid Reference System
• A grid reference is a term also know as alphanumeric referencing
provides an easy reference method to locate a specific area on the
drawing for addition, modification, revision etc.
• Letters A,B,C,D… are written vertically whereas numbers1,2,3,4…
are written horizontally in chronological order.
Q-1: A Drafter helps in drawing
(a)Parallel and perpendicular lines
(b)Concentric circles
(c)Smooth curves
(d)All of the above
Q-2: In the engineering system of
paper sizes, which of the is “A2” size?

(a)841mmx 1189mm
(b)594mmx 841mm
(c)420mmx594mm
(d)210mmx297mm
Q-3: which of the following pencil leads is
hardest?

(a)HB
(b)H
(c) B
(d)F
Q-4: To draw smooth curves on any
nature, the draughting instrument
used is
(a)Mini drafter
(b)French curve
(c)Templates
(d)Eraser Shield
Q-5: Parallel lines can be drawn with
the help of
(a)Mini-drafter
(b)T-square
(c)Pair of square
(d)All of these
Q-6: A typical layout of drawing sheet
does not contain

(a)Centring mark
(b)Orientation mark
(c)Trimming mark
(d)Identification mark
Q-7: Grid references on a drawing sheet provides
the following information:
(a) Location of details, additions, modification,
revision, etc. of drawing
(b) Tofacilitate the positioning of the drawing when
reproduced
(c) To
facilitates brief record and initials of the
person responsible
(d) To facilitate trimming
Q-8: ‘A’ series of paper has length-to-width ratio is
approximately
(a) 3:2
(b) √3:1
(c) √2:1
(d) 5:3

Q-9 The number of orientation marks generally contained

by a drawing sheet is
(e) One
(f) Two
(g) Three
(h) four
Q-10 Extension arms are used with
engineering compasses to

(a)Draw circle of larger diameter

(b)Increase the gripping arm
(c) Adjust distance between the legs
(d)Increase accuracy
Q-11: To draw a circle of diameter 20mm,
the most preferred instrument is

(a) Large compass

(b) Bow pencil Compass
(c) Circle template
(d) Any of the above
Q-12: Paper size ‘Ao’ has an surface area of
(a) 1 m2
(b) 0.75 m2
(c) 0.5 m2
(d) 0.25 m2
Q-13: A device which combines the function of a T-square, set
Square, protractor & scale is called
(e) Fasteners
(f) Mini drafter
(g) Templates
(h) Combination set