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Block Cipher Modes of Operation

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uroojuphasan2003
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11 views15 pages

Block Cipher Modes of Operation

Uploaded by

uroojuphasan2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Codebook Book

(ECB)
message is broken into independent
blocks which are encrypted
each block is a value which is substituted,
like a codebook, hence name
each block is encoded independently of
the other blocks
Ci = DESK1(Pi)
uses: secure transmission of single values
Electronic Codebook Book
(ECB)
Advantages and Limitations of
ECB
message repetitions may show in
ciphertext
◦ if aligned with message block
◦ particularly with data such graphics
◦ or with messages that change very little,
which become a code-book analysis problem
weakness is due to the encrypted
message blocks being independent
main use is sending a few blocks of data
Cipher Block Chaining
(CBC)
message is broken into blocks
linked together in encryption operation
each previous cipher blocks is chained
with current plaintext block, hence
name
use Initial Vector (IV) to start process
Ci = DESK1(Pi XOR Ci-1)
C-1 = IV
uses:bulk data encryption,
authentication
Cipher Block Chaining
(CBC)
Message Padding
atend of message must handle a
possible last short block
◦ which is not as large as blocksize of cipher
◦ pad either with known non-data value (eg
nulls)
◦ or pad last block along with count of pad size
 eg. [ b1 b2 b3 0 0 0 0 5]
 means have 3 data bytes, then 5 bytes pad+count
◦ this may require an extra entire block over
those in message
thereare other, more esoteric modes,
which avoid the need for an extra block
Advantages and Limitations
of CBC
a ciphertext block depends on all
blocks before it
any change to a block affects all
following ciphertext blocks
need Initialization Vector (IV)
◦ which must be known to sender & receiver
◦ if sent in clear, attacker can change bits of first
block, and change IV to compensate
◦ hence IV must either be a fixed value (as in
EFTPOS)
◦ or must be sent encrypted in ECB mode before
rest of message
Cipher FeedBack (CFB)
message is treated as a stream of bits
added to the output of the block cipher
result is feed back for next stage (hence
name)
standard allows any number of bit (1,8, 64
or 128 etc) to be feed back
◦ denoted CFB-1, CFB-8, CFB-64, CFB-128 etc
most efficient to use all bits in block (64 or
128)
Ci = Pi XOR DESK1(Ci-1)
C-1 = IV
uses:stream data encryption,
authentication
Cipher FeedBack (CFB)
Advantages and Limitations
of CFB
appropriate when data arrives in
bits/bytes
most common stream mode
limitation is need to stall while do
block encryption after every n-bits
note that the block cipher is used
in encryption mode at both ends
errors propogate for several
blocks after the error
Output FeedBack (OFB)
message is treated as a stream of bits
output of cipher is added to message
output is then feed back (hence name)
feedback is independent of message
can be computed in advance
Ci = Pi XOR Oi
Oi = DESK1(Oi-1)
O-1 = IV
uses:stream encryption on noisy
channels
Advantages and Limitations
of OFB
bit errors do not propagate
more vulnerable to message stream
modification
a variation of a Vernam cipher
◦ hence must never reuse the same
sequence (key+IV)
sender & receiver must remain in sync
originally specified with m-bit feedback
subsequent research has shown that
only full block feedback (ie CFB-64
or CFB-128) should ever be used
Counter (CTR)
a “new” mode, though proposed
early on
similar to OFB but encrypts counter
value rather than any feedback value
must have a different key & counter
value for every plaintext block (never
reused)
Ci = Pi XOR Oi
Oi = DESK1(i)
uses: high-speed network encryptions
Counter (CTR)
Advantages and Limitations
of CTR
efficiency
◦ can do parallel encryptions in h/w or s/w
◦ can preprocess in advance of need
◦ good for bursty high speed links
random access to encrypted data
blocks
provable security (good as other
modes)
but must ensure never reuse
key/counter values, otherwise could
break (cf OFB)

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