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28 views31 pages

Chap 01

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as sdd
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Network Security

Essentials
Chapter 1
Fourth Edition
by William Stallings

(Based on Lecture slides by


Lawrie Brown)
The art of war teaches us to rely not on the
likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but
on our own readiness to receive him; not
on the chance of his not attacking, but
rather on the fact that we have made our
position unassailable.
—The Art of War, Sun Tzu
 The combination of space, time, and
strength that must be considered as the
basic elements of this theory of defense
makes this a fairly complicated matter.
Consequently, it is not easy to find a fixed
point of departure.
— On War, Carl Von Clausewitz
Computer Security
 The protection afforded to an automated
information system in order to attain the
applicable objectives of preserving the
integrity, availability and confidentiality of
information system resources (includes
hardware, software, firmware,
information/data, and telecommunications)
[NIST 1995]
Key Security Concepts
Three Key Objectives
 Confidentiality

Data confidentiality

Privacy
 Integrity

Data integrity

System integrity
 Availability
 Additional concepts

Authenticity

Accountability
Levels of Impact
 3 levels of impact from a security breach

Low

Moderate

High
Examples of Security
Requirements
 confidentiality – student grades
 integrity – patient information
 availability – authentication service
Computer Security Challenges
1. not simple
2. must consider potential attacks
3. procedures used counter-intuitive
4. involve algorithms and secret info
5. must decide where to deploy mechanisms
6. battle of wits between attacker / admin
7. not perceived on benefit until fails
8. requires regular monitoring
9. too often an after-thought
10. regarded as impediment to using system
OSI Security Architecture
 ITU-T X.800 “Security Architecture for OSI”
 defines a systematic way of defining and
providing security requirements
 for us it provides a useful, if abstract,
overview of concepts we will study
Aspects of Security
 3 aspects of information security:

security attack

security mechanism: detect, prevent,
recover

security service
 terms

threat – a potential for violation of security

attack – an assault on system security, a
deliberate attempt to evade security services
Passive Attacks (1)
Release of Message Contents
Passive Attacks (2)
Traffic Analysis
 Passive attacks do not affect system resources

Eavesdropping, monitoring
 Two types of passive attacks

Release of message contents

Traffic analysis
 Passive attacks are very difficult to detect

Message transmission apparently normal
• No alteration of the data

Emphasis on prevention rather than detection
• By means of encryption
Active Attacks (1)
Masquerade
Active Attacks (2)
Replay
Active Attacks (3)
Modification of Messages
Active Attacks (4)
Denial of Service
 Active attacks try to alter system resources or
affect their operation

Modification of data, or creation of false data
 Four categories

Masquerade

Replay

Modification of messages

Denial of service: preventing normal use
• A specific target or entire network
 Difficult to prevent

The goal is to detect and recover
Security Service

enhance security of data processing systems
and information transfers of an organization

intended to counter security attacks

using one or more security mechanisms

often replicates functions normally associated
with physical documents
• which, for example, have signatures, dates; need
protection from disclosure, tampering, or
destruction; be notarized or witnessed; be
recorded or licensed
Security Services
 X.800:
“a service provided by a protocol layer of
communicating open systems, which ensures
adequate security of the systems or of data
transfers”

 RFC 2828:
“a processing or communication service
provided by a system to give a specific kind of
protection to system resources”
Security Services (X.800)
 Authentication - assurance that communicating
entity is the one claimed

have both peer-entity & data origin authentication
 Access Control - prevention of the
unauthorized use of a resource
 Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
 Data Integrity - assurance that data received is
as sent by an authorized entity
 Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by
one of the parties in a communication
 Availability – resource accessible/usable
Security Mechanism
 feature designed to detect, prevent, or
recover from a security attack
 no single mechanism that will support all
services required
 however one particular element underlies
many of the security mechanisms in use:

cryptographic techniques
 hence our focus on this topic
Security Mechanisms (X.800)
 specific security mechanisms:

encipherment, digital signatures, access
controls, data integrity, authentication
exchange, traffic padding, routing control,
notarization
 pervasive security mechanisms:

trusted functionality, security labels, event
detection, security audit trails, security
recovery
Model for Network Security
Model for Network Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. generate the secret information (keys) used
by the algorithm
3. develop methods to distribute and share the
secret information
4. specify a protocol enabling the principals to
use the transformation and secret
information for a security service
Model for Network Access
Security
Model for Network Access
Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users
2. implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated
information or resources
Standards
 NIST:
National Institute of Standards and
Technology

FIPS: Federal Information Processing
Standards

SP: Special Publications
 ISOC: Internet Society

Home for IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) and IAB (Internet Architecture Board)

RFCs: Requests for Comments
Summary
 topic roadmap & standards organizations
 security concepts:

confidentiality, integrity, availability
 X.800 security architecture
 security attacks, services, mechanisms
 models for network (access) security

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