PARIBHASHA
Vd. Raman Belge
M.D, Ph.D.(Ayu).,M.A.(Sanskrit),M.B.A.(HCS)
Professor & HOD.,
Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana,
Shri Ayurved Mahavidyalaya,Nagpur
Ph. 9822879010
[email protected]
Paribhasha
Definition
निगूढानुक्तलेशोक्तसन्दिग्धार्थप्रदीपि
का ।
सुनिश्चितार्था विबुधैः परिभाषा निगद्यते
।।
(R. T. 2/2)
The paribhasha is a statement that gives a clear and distinct meaning of a
word or an expression.
It clarifies the concealed (nigudha), omitted (anukta), unclear (leshokta) and
mystifying (sandigdhartha) meanings of a word or a verse in the classics.
Paribhasha
Significance
परिभाषाध्यायमादौ योऽधीते रससाधकः
।
रसतन्त्रार्थविज्ञाने न स मुह्यति
कुत्रचित् ।।
(R. T. 2/1)
The person who masters the paribhasa prakarana (definitions) of
Rasasastra before going deep into the science, he confronts no difficulties
in understanding the nitty-gritty's of this subject.
Therefore, the knowledge of paribhasha prakarana is most essential and
equally significant.
Avapa / Prativapa
द्रव्यान्तरविनिक्षेपो द्रुते वङ्गादिके तु यः । क्रियते
स प्रतीवाप आवापश्च निगद्यते ।।(R. T. 2/39)
द्रुते द्रव्यान्तरक्षेपो लोहाद्ये क्रियते हि यः । स आवापः
प्रतीवापस्तदेवाऽऽच्छादनं मतम् ॥(R. R. S. 8/54)
The procedure of adding selected dravya into any of the molten metals (naga,vanga,etc)
during the specific pharmaceutical procedures is called as avapa or prativapa.
Example: In vanga jarana and naga jarana, the molten vanga (tin) or molten naga (lead)
are added with the rough powder of apamarga or pippali twak.
This process is the example of avapa or prativapa procedure.
Eg. of Avapa Process
Vanga Avapa Process
6
Nirvapa
धात्वादेर्वह्नितप्तस्य जलादौ यन्निषेचनम् । स निर्वापः
स्मृतश्चापि निषेकः स्नपनञ्च तत् ।।(R. T. 2/40)
तप्तस्याप्सु विनिक्षेपो निर्वापः स्नपनञ्च तत् । प्रतीवापादिकं
कार्यं द्रुते लोहे सुनिर्मले ।।(R. R. S. 8/56-57)
The procedure of heating the selected metals red hot and dipping them in any of the liquids
such as water, buttermilk, milk, decoction, fermented liquids,etc is called as nirvapa.
It is also called as Niseka and Snapana.
Example: During Abhraka sodhana, the abhraka patra are heated red hot and dipped for 7
times in kanji, gomutra, triphala kwatha or godugdha.
Similar heating and dipping procedure is followed in Rajata shodhana, Loha Shodhana,
Tamra shodhana etc.
Mode Of Action of Nirvapa
(Based on Kinetic Theory of Matter)
Metals are solid, closed, packed crystal structure the number of atoms occupy equilibrium
positions and vibrate in fixed positions.
When temperature is applied, the particles gain energy and vibrate strongly and
displacement of equilibrium occurs, intra atomic distance increases and solid get
expanded.
Due to increase in intra atomic distance electrostatic forces get weakened. Due to
continuous heating partial get enough energy to break forces and can more around, this
expansion is called linear expansion.
After heating immediate cooling in liquid media leads to decrease in tension and increase
in compression force. The media immediately penetrates inside & media soluble impurities
get dissolved.
Repetition of heating and cooling causes disruption in equilibrium, leads to increased
brittleness, reduction in hardness and finally particle size get reduced.
Eg. of Nirvapa Process
Abhraka Nirvapa Process
9
Dhalana
संद्रावितस्य द्रव्यस्य द्रवे निक्षेपणन्तु यत् । ढालनं
तत्समुद्दिष्टं रसकर्मविशारदैः ।। (R. T. 2/36)
द्रुतद्रव्यस्य निक्षेपो द्रवे तद्
ढालनं मतम् ।। (R. R. S. 8/43)
The procedure of adding any molten metal (gold, silver etc) into a vessel containing any of
the liquid or liquid preparations such as churnodaka, swarasa, kwatha etc is called as
dhalana.
Example: During Naga shodhana, Vanga shodhana or Yashada shodhana, the molten
lead, tin or zinc are poured into a vessel containing lime water (churnodaka) or nirgundi
swarasa + haridra churna or in arka dugdha for 7 times.
Eg. of Dhalana Process
Vanga Dhalana Process
11
Bhavana
यच्चूर्णितस्य धात्वादेवैः सम्येष्य शोषणम् भावनं
तन्मतं विज्ञैर्भावना च निगद्यते । (R. T. 2/49)
The process of triturating the fine powder/powders of any drug material in a clean
khalva yantra, by adding any specified liquid, enough only to soak the drug.
The trituration should be continued until the soaked wet powder becomes dry again.
This entire procedure is called as one bhavana or bhavana
Example: During the preparation of Tribhuvana kirti rasa the fine powder of all the
ingredients are subjected for 7 bhavanas each with tulasi swarasa, ardraka swarasa
and dhattura swarasa. This bhavana procedure is adopted in majority of khalviya
rasayana.
Bhavana – Liquid Quantity
द्रवेण यावता द्रव्यं चूर्णितं त्वार्द्रतां व्रजेत् ।
तावानेव द्रवो देयो भिषग्भिर्भावनाविधौ ।।
भाव्यद्रव्यमितः क्वाथ्यो जलमष्टगुणं ततः ।
वस्वंशशोषितः क्वाथो देयः क्वाथेन भावने ।
(R. T. 2/50-51)
In a bhavana, only required quantity of liquid that is enough to completely soak the fine
powder of the drug/drugs is added and triturated until the powder becomes dry. If any
decoction is specified as bhavana dravya, the kwatha has to be prepared by taking
coarse powder of the kwatha dravya equal to that of bhavana dravya (dry powder).
The kwatha dravya is taken in a clean decoction vessel along with 8 times of water.
The vessel is placed over mild fire and boiled until the liquid is reduced to 1/8th. Later
the reduced liquid is filtered through a cloth and the filtrate is used as decoction for the
purpose of bhavana.
Ty p e s o f L i q u i d M e d i a U s e d i n B h a v a n a Pro c e s s
C h a n g e s D u r i n g B h a v a n a Pro c e s s
Physical changes Biological changes
• Hardness ↓ • Absorption ↑
• Particle size ↓ • Bio-assimilation ↑
• Surface area ↑ • Bioavailability ↑
• Bulk of formulation ↓ • Augmentation of potency
• Uniform mixing • Widens therapeutic utility
• Role as binding agent • Addition of new properties
• Uniform dose preparation • Prevent/ Nullify drug toxicity
• Induction of trace elements • Makes drug Biocompatible by converting
it into organometallic complex
Chemical changes
• Chemical interaction of materials
• Desired compound formulation
• Evaporation of volatile impurities
• Role as chelating agent
Eg. of Bhavana Process
Kwatha Dravya Bhavana to Maharasa Varga
16
B e n e fi t s o f B h a v a n a
Bhavana is Sanskara in which Churna of metal and mineral are subjected
to Mardana with the specified liquid until the liquid get dries up
▪ Increase therapeutic efficacy
▪ Make Rasaushadhi non toxic
▪ To enhance drug palatability
▪ Particle size reduction
▪ Purva Karma of Marana
▪ Reduce hardness
Rasa varga Dravya undergoes repeated Sansakras, which bring about
change in their characteristics and make them therapeutically effective.
Jarana
सूते गन्धादिनिक्षेपात्तत्तद्विधिविशेषतः । गन्धाद्यं जायते
यत्तु जारणं तदिहोच्यते ।। (R. T. 5/100)
द्रुतग्रासपरिणामो विडयन्त्रादियोगतः । जारणेत्युच्यते
तस्याः प्रकाराः सन्ति कोटिशः ॥(R. R. S. 8/85)
The pharmaceutical procedure that enables the parada to digest gandhaka and other
metals and minerals in it is known as jarana samskara. Here the term jarana means jirnana
(digestion) and it refers to the digestion of metals and minerals by mercury.
To imbibe the power of digestion (jarana shakti) in mercury, one needs to process it with
specified pharmaceutical procedures (tattadvidhi-vishesha).
The pharmaceutical procedures include, swedana, mardana, application of puta etc,
which may be accomplished by using some of the useful instruments, like valuka yantra,
kacchapa yantra, jarana yantra etc. There will be innumerable types of jarana.
G a n d h a ka J a r a n a i n Pa r a d a
Sr no. Nomenclature Ratio of Mercury (Hg) Ratio of Sulphur (S)
1 Shadamsa 1 1/6
2 Chaturthamsa 1 1/4
3 Tritiyamsa 1 1/3
4 Ardhaguna 1 1/2
5 Samaguna 1 1
6 Sapada Samaguna 1 1 1/4
7 Sardha Samaguna 1 1 1/2
8 Dviguna 1 2
9 Triguna 1 3
10 Chaturguna 1 4
11 Panchaguna 1 5
12 Shadguna 1 6
Jarana Process of Naga
Eg. of Jarana Process
20
Eg. of Jarana Process
Naga Jarana
21
Murcchana
तत्तद्विधिप्रभेदेन रसस्याव्यभिचारतः । व्याधिघातकता या
स्यात् सा मता मूर्च्छना बुधैः ।।
(R. T. 6/1)
The act of imbibing definite therapeutic properties (vyadhighataka shakti) in
purified mercury used in any of the compound formulation (with or without
sulphur), through various pharmaceutical procedures is known as Murcchana.
Ty p e s o f M u r c c h a n a
Murchhana
Sagandha Nirgandha
Sagni Niragni Sagni Nirgni
Ras parpati Kajjali Mugdha rasa
Rasa -
Ras sindur pushpa
Malla sindur Rasa-
Makardhwaj karpur
Sameerpannag
Murchhana
Gandhapishti Gandhabaddha Gandhajirna Rasagandha Dhatupishti
(Kajjali) (Rasaparpati) (Rasasindur) (Kajjali) (Swarnapishti
Rajatpishti
Tamrapishti)
Parad Nirgandha Murcchana (Rasakarpura)
Eg. of Parad Murcchana
Parad Sagandha Murcchana (Rasasindoor)
25
Shodhana
उद्दिष्टैरौषधैः सार्द्धं क्रियते पेषणादिकम् ।
मलविच्छित्तये यत्तु शोधनं तदिहोच्यते ।।
(R. T. 2/52)
All the pharmaceutical procedures such as washing (kshalana), trituration
(mardana/bhavana), heating and dipping (nirvapana),etc carried out over a medicinal drug
with the intention of getting it purified is called as shodhana.
The process of shodhana includes both physical as well as chemical purification of the
drug.
Methods of Shodhana
Eg. of Shodhana Process
Manashila Shodhana
28
D i ff e r e n t Methods of Shodhana
D i ff e r e n t Methods of Shodhana
D i ff e r e n t Methods of Shodhana
Ty p e s o f M e d i a u s e d i n S h o d h a n a P r o c e s s
Ty p e s o f M e d i a u s e d i n S h o d h a n a P r o c e s s
Eg. of Shodhana Process
Loha Shodhana in Taila Media
34
Marana
शोधितान् लोहधात्वादीं विमर्द्य स्वरसादिभीः ।
अग्निसंयोगतो भस्मीकरणं मारणं स्मृतम् ।।
The process of subjecting the metallic and mineral drugs for different
pharmaceutical procedures using wide range of herbal formulation (swarasa,
kwatha etc) and later subjecting them to intense heat to obtain them in the form of
bhasma is called as marana (incineration).
म्रीयते अनेन इति
मारणम् ।
The literal meaning of the term marana is to kill. The process of killing of any metallic
drug to make it fit for internal administration is called as marana or incineration.
Here the drug particles become so fine that, they are rendered fit for absorption by
living body tissue.
मृतानिलोहानि
रसीभवन्ति ।
Through marana, the incinerated metals and minerals are converted into rasibhava
state (organo-metallic compound form or the form in which, they are absorbed by the
living body cells).
Changes During Marana Process :
• Reduction in particle size.
• Transformation into suitable compound form.
• To make the material non irritant to G.I.
• To increase the potency and quality of the drug.
• Conversion into absorbable, adaptable, and assimilable form.
• To make material suitable for therapeutic uses.
Eg. of Marana Process
Dhatu Varga Dravya Marana
38
Amritikarana
लोहादीनां मृतानां वै शिष्टदोषापनुत्तये ।
क्रियते यस्तु संस्कार अमृतीकरणं मतम् ।।
(R. T. 2/58)
The special pharmaceutical procedures (sanskara) carried out to eliminate the
remaining dosas of any dhatu bhasma (incinerated metal) is called as
amrtikarana.
अरुणभस्मनस्तु पुनरमृतीकरणेन
गुणवृद्धिर्वर्णहानिश्च भवति ।(Ay. Pra. 2/135)
Amrtikarana enhances the properties (guna vruddhi) of the bhasma and causes
depletion in its colour.
Amritikarana
Lohitikarana
The pharmaceutical procedures carried out on prepared bhasma to induce rakta varna
(red colour) in it is called as Lohitikarana.
Example : Abhraka bhasma lohitikarana (R. T. 10/65-67 chapter)
Abhraka Bhasma Loh itikarana
गाङ्गेरुकी भद्रमुस्ता वटक्षीरन्तथैव च । वटमूलजलं वापि
हरिद्राया द्रवस्तथा ।।
समङ्गाक्वथितञ्चैव घनमेभिः सुपेषयेत् । पुटद्वयं त्रयं
वापि वितरेद्भिषजां वरः ।।
निश्चन्द्रिकञ्च मृदुलं रक्तोत्पलसमप्रभम् । गगनस्य
भवेद्भस्म ततः कार्येषु योजयेत् ।।
(R.bhasma
After incinerating Abhraka with abhraka marana dravya, if the colour of the T. 10/65-
67) not become red (like that of japakusuma), then the bhasma has to be
does
triturated with any of the following liquids, Gangeruka (Grewia tenax) kwatha,
musta kwatha, vata-kshira, vata mula swarasa, haridra swarasa or kwatha,
manjistha kwatha or lajjalu kwatha and later subjected for 2 to 3 gajaputa.
By doing so, the desired red colour may be obtained in the abhraka bhasma.
Concurrently, the bhasma becomes lustre free, smooth and soft to touch.
C o l o u r o f B h a s m a A f t e r L o h i t i k a r a n a
Rasa Dravya Colour of Bhasma
Abhraka Ishtika varna
Vaikranta Rakta
Makshika Rakta
Vimala Rakta
Chapala Rakta
Kharpara Peetaba
Kasisa Raktabal
Spatika Shweta
Gowripashana Shweta
Kaparda Shweta
Swarna Champaka varna
Rajata Krishna
Kamsya Kajjala praba varna
Naga Kajjala praba varna
Vanga Shwetals
Tikshna loha Pakwa jambu phala
Mrita Loh a
मृतं लोहं पुटे ध्यातं ताराज्यमधुसंयुतम् । न
त्यजेत्तारमानं वा मृत-लोहं तदुच्यते ।।
(R. T.
2/55)
The mrita loha or mrita lohatwa is a test done to confirm the perfectness of any of the
incinerated metals (dhatu bhasma).
Incinerated metal/mineral is added with equal quantities of silver (tara), ghee (ajya),
honey (madhu).
All these drugs are enclosed in an appropriate crucible and subjected to suitable puta. If
the quantity of silver remains unaltered, the mrita lohatwa of bhasma stands vindicated.
Example : All bhasma of metal and mineral are suitable for Mrita-loha bhasma pariksha.
Sattvapatana
क्षाराम्लद्रावकैर्युक्तं ध्मातमाकरकोष्ठके । यस्ततो
निर्गतः सारः सत्त्वमित्यभिधीयते ||
(R. Cu. 4/38)
Any of the selected dhatu is triturated with required quantity of kshara dravya, amla dravya
or dravaka-varga dravya.
The mixture is made into a bolus, dried, enclosed in suitable sized musha and subjected
for heat in sattvapatana kosthi. Thus, sattva or the essence of dhatu dravya can be
extracted.
The process of sattva extraction from any of the dhatu dravya through various
pharmaceutical procedures is the called as sattvapatana.
Example : Abhraka sattva is aluminum (Al); Sattva of chapala is selenium (Se); Haratala
sattva is arsenic ; Mayurapiccha and bhunaga sattvapatana yields copper.
S a m a n y a S a t t v a p a t a n a Vi d h i
(Genaral Extraction method of Satva) (RHT 10/14)
Dravya + Guda + Guggulu Subjected
Kept in
+ Tankana + Laksha + to heat
Musha
Sarjikakshara + Ajadugdh using Kosti
Sattvapatana Suddavarta Lakshana
Characteristics of flame during satva extraction (Rasarnava) (RT) (RRS)
Satva Flames
Swarna Satva Yellow flames
Rajata Satva White flames
Tamra satva Bluish flames
Teekshana loha satva Black flames
Naga satva Black flames
Shilajatu satva Gray flames
Loha satva Kapila flames
Sasyaka satva Red flames
Eg. of Satvapatana
Manshila Satvapatana
48
S a t t v a p a t a n a O f D i ff e r e n t R a s a d r a v y a s
1. Abhraka Satvapatana - Dhanyabhraka (1kg) + Tankana (1/4th) - Mushali rasa bhavana -
kept in gola musha - Drudagni - Satva. (RRS-2/26)
2. Vaikranta Satvapatana - Vaikranta churna + Dravaka gana - Chakrika - Musha - Drudagni
- Swetabha satva. (AP 5/71)
3. Makshika Satvapatana - Makshika (1) + Tankana (1/4th) -mardana - kept in musha -
Drudagni - Satva. (RT-21/46)
4. Vimala Satvapatana - Vimala+ Tankana + Meshasrungi bhasma- Lakhucha rasa bhavana
- kept in musha - Drudagni - Satva. (RRS - 2/94)
S a t t v a p a t a n a O f D i ff e r e n t R a s a d r a v y a s
5. Shilajetu Satvapatana - Shilajetu churna + Amla & Dravaka gana - Chakrika - Musha - kosti -
satva(Loha sannibha). (R.Chu 10)
6. Sasyaka Satvapatana - Sasyaka 1 part + Tankana 1/4th Part - kept in musha filled with
karanja taila - Drudagni- Indragopa varna satva (RRS 2/133)
7. Chapala Satvapatana - Chapala + Visha and upavisha dravya- Bhavana with Dhanyamla-
kept in Andhamusha- Satva. (AP 12)
8. Rasaka Satvapatana - Rasaka + laksha+ guda+ Sarshapa+haritaki+ Haridra+ Sarjarasa+
Tankan + Grita - Milk 8 parts - Vrintaka musha – Satva (Yashada). (RRS 2/165)
Druti
औषधाध्मानयोगेन लोहधात्वादिकं तथा । सन्तिष्ठते
द्रवाकारं सा द्रुतिः परिकीर्तिता ।।
(R. R. S. 8/84)
Whenever any metal (iron, gold, silver etc) is subjected for intense heat along with
few other selected medicinal drugs (aushadha dravya), the molten metal tends to
remain in liquid molten state only.
This molten liquid metal is called as the Druti of that particular metal.
Druti Lakshana
निर्लेपत्वं द्रुतत्वं च तेजस्त्वं लघुता तथा ।
असंयोगश्च सूतेन पञ्चधा द्रुतिलक्षणम् ।।
(R. R. S.
8/83)
1. Nirlepatwa (non sticky)
2. Drutatva (remain in liquid state)
3. Tejastva (lustrous)
4. Laghutva (lighter than original metal / mineral)
5. Asmyoga suta (remain immiscible with mercury)
These are the five symptoms of Druti.
Eg. of Naga Druti
53
Apunarbhava
समित्रञ्चकं ध्यातं प्रकृतिं नैति यत् पुनः ।
अपुनर्भवमुक्तं तन्निरुत्थं च तदीरितम् ।। (R. T. 2/56)
गुडगुञ्जासुखस्पर्शमध्वाज्यैः सह योजितम् । नायाति
प्रकृतिं ध्मानादपुनर्भवमुच्यते ।।(R. R. S. 8/29)
To perform Apunarbhava bhasma pariksha any of the dhatu bhasma is triturated
with equal quantity of mitra panchaka varga dravya and the mixture is taken in a
crucible.
It is subjected for intense heat with a suitable puta. Even after application of
intense heat, if no changes are seen in the quantity and quality of the bhasma, it
is indicative of bhasma Apunarbhavatwa.
Example: Swarna bhasma, Rajata bhasma, Tamra bhasma, Loha bhasma etc.
Eg. of Apunarbhava
Bhasma Pariksha
Apunarbhava Pariksha
55
Niruttha
अपुनर्भवसंज्ञं यल्लोहे तारसमन्वितम् । यदा तारे न लगति
तन्निरुत्थमिहोच्यते ॥
(R. T. 2/57)
To perform Niruttha bhasma pariksha any of the dhatu bhasma is taken in a
crucible along with equal quantity of silver (tara or rajata) and subjected for
intense heat in a suitable puta.
Even after application of intense heat, if the bhasma does not adhere to the silver,
it is indicative of bhasma Nirutthatwa.
Rationality : Here if any free metal portion is left out in the bhasma, it adheres to
the silver as the silver is having high affinity towards metals.
Example : Abhraka bhasma, Tamra bhasma, etc
Eg. of Niruttha Bhasma
Pariksha
Abraka Bhasma Niruttha Pariksha
57
Rekhapurnatwa
अङ्गुष्ठतर्जनीघृष्टं यत्तद्रेखान्तरे विशेत् । मृतलोहं
तदुद्दिष्टं रेखापूर्णाभिघानतः ।।
(R. R. S. 8/27)
रेखाभिः पूर्णम् अङ्गुष्ठ-तर्जनीभ्यां मृष्टे सति तयोः
रेखान्तरे यद्विशति तद् ।।
(Ayurvediya Sabdakosha)
It is a test to ascertain the fineness of the prepared dhatu bhasma.
Here a pinch of bhasma is rubbed in between the thumb and the index finger.
If the bhasma enters and embeds into the finger prints, it indicates rekhapurnatwa,
such a bhasma is considered enough fine and accepted as standard.
Eg. of Rekhapurnatwa
Bhasma Pariksha
Loha Bhasma Rekhapurnatwa Pariksha
59
Varitara
मृतं तरति यत्तोये लोहं वारितरं हि तत् ।। (R. R. S. 8/27)
मृतं लोहं विनिक्षिप्तं यदा तरति वारिणि ।
रसतन्त्रसुनिष्णातैस्तद् वारितरमीरितम् ।। (R. T. 2/53)
If a pinch of properly incinerated metallic bhasma is put over the stable water in a bowl,
the bhasma should float on the water but not sink.
This indicates the Varitaratwa of the dhatu bhasma.
Here the incinerated metallic bhasma will be so fine that, it fails to even break the
surface tension of the water.
Example: Abhraka bhasma, haratala bhasma, loha bhasma, etc all bhasmas of metal
and mineral except the bhasmas of Sudha Varga Dravya are suitable for Varitara
bhasma pariksha.
Eg. of VARITAR BHASMA
PARIKSHA
Naga Bhasma Varitara Pariksha
61
Re f e re n ce s :
• https://www.wjpmr.com/download/article/67042020/1589000782.pdf
• https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2412
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9076343/
• https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/arti
cle/role-of-jarana-process-in-ras-shastra/MTA4Mzg=/?is=1
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333783205_CRITICAL_REVIEW_AND_CO
NCEPT_OF_MARANA_WITH_SPECIAL_REFERENCE_TO_LAUHA
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330517284_Concept_of_Satvapatana_a_r
eview
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307138042_Significance_of_Shastrokta_b
hasma_pareeksha_in_present_era
