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UNIT-4
Dr. Sunita Sharma
(Assistant Professor) UNIT – 4 (B) BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND ENERGY YIELD Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-oxidation) • To generate energy from fatty acids, they must be oxidized. This process occurs in the mitochondria, but long chain fatty acids cannot diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane (similar to absorption into the enterocyte). Carnitine, an amino acid-derived compound, helps shuttle long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. The structure of carnitine is shown . Where Does Beta Oxidation Occur? Beta oxidation occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotic cells. However, before this happens, fatty acids must first enter the cell and, in the case of eukaryotic cells, the mitochondria. In cases where fatty acid chains are too long to enter the mitochondria, beta oxidation can also take place in peroxisomes. Fatty Acid Oxidation Overview Stages of Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids 1. ACTIVATION OF FATTY ACIDS 2.TRANSPORT OF ACTIVATED FATTY ACIDS INTO MITOCHONDRIA 2.TRANSPORT OF ACTIVATED FATTY ACIDS INTO MITOCHONDRIA 3.BETA OXIDATION PROPER IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX Energy Yield and End Products • Each beta oxidation cycle yields 1 FADH2, 1 NADH and 1 acetyl- CoA, which in terms of energy is equivalent to 17 ATP molecules:
• 1 FADH2 (x 2 ATP) = 2 ATP
• 1 NADH (x 3 ATP) = 3 ATP • 1 acetyl-CoA (x 12 ATP) = 12 ATP • Total = 2 + 3 + 12 = 17 ATP BETA OXIDATION UNIT -4 (B) CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS Cholesterol • Cholesterol is a steroid alcohol present in animal tissue. It is the structural component of all cell membranes and regulating fluidity. It is also the precursors of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D. Structure of cholesterol • Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound. • It consists of four fused hydrocarbon rings (A, B, C and D called steroid nucleus) and it has 8 carbon branched hydrocarbon chain attached to C17 of D-ring. • Ring-A has a hydroxyl group at C3 • Ring-B has a double bond between C5 and C6 Location of Cholesterol Synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis takes place in the liver and intestinal mucosa.
Substrates of Cholesterol Synthesis • Acetyl CoA • Acetoacetyl CoA. Products of Cholesterol Synthesis • Cholesterol: Oxidized to bile acids in liver; precursor for steroid hormones. • Mevalonic acid: Precursor for terpenes (eg, vitamins A and K, coenzyme Q). UNIT-4 (C) SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway • Acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase. • Malonyl CoA is transferred to FAS. • Through a series of condensation, reduction, and dehydration reactions, the two carbons of malonyl CoA are added to the growing fatty acyl moiety on FAS. • FAS are then recharged with another malonyl moiety, and the cycle continues. • Each turn of the cycle results in the addition of a two-carbon group to the fatty acid moiety as well as the use of one ATP, one acetyl CoA, and two NADPH. • When the cycle has completed seven turns, the 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) is released from FAS. De Novo Synthesis Of Fatty Acids