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UNIT-4

Dr. Sunita Sharma


(Assistant Professor)
UNIT – 4 (B) BETA
OXIDATION OF FATTY
ACIDS AND ENERGY
YIELD
Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-oxidation)
• To generate energy from fatty acids,
they must be oxidized. This process
occurs in the mitochondria, but long
chain fatty acids cannot diffuse
across the mitochondrial membrane
(similar to absorption into the
enterocyte). Carnitine, an amino
acid-derived compound, helps
shuttle long-chain fatty acids into the
mitochondria. The structure of
carnitine is shown .
Where Does Beta Oxidation Occur?
Beta oxidation occurs in the
mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in
the cytosol of prokaryotic cells.
However, before this happens, fatty
acids must first enter the cell and, in
the case of eukaryotic cells, the
mitochondria. In cases where fatty acid
chains are too long to enter the
mitochondria, beta oxidation can also
take place in peroxisomes.
Fatty Acid Oxidation Overview
Stages of Beta Oxidation of
Fatty Acids
1. ACTIVATION OF FATTY ACIDS
2.TRANSPORT OF ACTIVATED
FATTY ACIDS INTO
MITOCHONDRIA
2.TRANSPORT OF ACTIVATED
FATTY ACIDS INTO
MITOCHONDRIA
3.BETA OXIDATION PROPER IN
THE MITOCHONDRIAL
MATRIX
Energy Yield and End Products
• Each beta oxidation cycle yields 1 FADH2, 1 NADH and 1 acetyl-
CoA, which in terms of energy is equivalent to 17 ATP molecules:

• 1 FADH2 (x 2 ATP) = 2 ATP


• 1 NADH (x 3 ATP) = 3 ATP
• 1 acetyl-CoA (x 12 ATP) = 12 ATP
• Total = 2 + 3 + 12 = 17 ATP
BETA OXIDATION
UNIT -4 (B)
CHOLESTEROL
SYNTHESIS
Cholesterol
• Cholesterol is a steroid alcohol present in animal tissue.
It is the structural component of all cell membranes and
regulating fluidity. It is also the precursors of bile acids,
steroid hormones and vitamin D.
Structure of cholesterol
• Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound.
• It consists of four fused hydrocarbon rings (A, B, C and D called steroid nucleus)
and it has 8 carbon branched hydrocarbon chain attached to C17 of D-ring.
• Ring-A has a hydroxyl group at C3
• Ring-B has a double bond between C5 and C6
Location of Cholesterol Synthesis

Cholesterol synthesis takes place in the liver and intestinal mucosa.


Substrates of Cholesterol Synthesis
• Acetyl CoA
• Acetoacetyl CoA.
Products of Cholesterol Synthesis
• Cholesterol: Oxidized to bile acids in liver; precursor for steroid hormones.
• Mevalonic acid: Precursor for terpenes (eg, vitamins A and K, coenzyme Q).
UNIT-4 (C) SYNTHESIS
OF FATTY ACIDS
Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway
Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway
• Acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase.
• Malonyl CoA is transferred to FAS.
• Through a series of condensation, reduction, and dehydration reactions, the two
carbons of malonyl CoA are added to the growing fatty acyl moiety on FAS.
• FAS are then recharged with another malonyl moiety, and the cycle continues.
• Each turn of the cycle results in the addition of a two-carbon group to the fatty
acid moiety as well as the use of one ATP, one acetyl CoA, and two NADPH.
• When the cycle has completed seven turns, the 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) is
released from FAS.
De Novo Synthesis Of Fatty
Acids

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