CSU/

ITU07314

DATABASE MANAGEMENY
SYSTEMS
[DBMS]
2 Logistics

Instructor: Siphy, A. S.
email: [email protected]/
[email protected]

Office: Block D, 020

Consultation Time
BY
Appointment

04/11/20
Intro to SQL,
22
 3 OVERVIEW
 SQL DML
 INSERT(
 DELETE
 UPDATE
 SQL SELECT(BASIC)
 DISTINCT CLAUSE
 WHERE CLAUSE
 ORDER BY CLAUSE
 DATE FUNCTION, & AGGREGATE
Intro to SQL,

FIELD
 4 DML [INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE]  UPDATE and DELETE use
‘WHERE clauses’ to specify
 INSERT - add a row to which rows to change or
a table remove
 BE CAREFUL with these - an
incorrect WHERE clause can
 UPDATE - change destroy lots of data
row(s) in a table

 DELETE - remove
row(s) from a table

Intro to SQL,
 Populate relational tables
5 To create a tuple in SQL the following ‘Insert’ command is required:

INSERT INTO COURSE (Course_id, Title)

VALUES (‘BCS’, ‘Bachelor in Computer The insert order matters in
Science’) ; terms of referential
INSERT INTO COURSE integrity constraints! 1st
VALUES (‘BIT’, ‘BSc in Information
technology’) ;
Insert Into Student (sid, sname, birthdate, course )
values (‘IMC/BCS/207839’, ‘King President’, ‘17-Nov-81’, ‘BS’);
2nd

Insert into student

values (‘IMC/BCS/207698’, ‘Blake Coi’, ’01-May-91’, ‘BCS’);

Intro to SQL, 11/16/2015

 6 INSERT -Example
INSERT INTO Student
Student
(ID, Name, Year)
VALUES (2, ‘Mary’, 3) ID Name Year
You can partially add a row 1 John 1
without violating the integrity 2 Mary 3
constraints! Student
Student
INSERT INTO Student ID Name Year
ID Name Year
(ID, Name) 1 John 1
1 John 1 VALUES (‘Mary’, 2) 2 Mary
Student
INSERT INTO Student ID Name Year
VALUES (2, ‘Mary’, 1 John 1
You can add a row3)
without listing the columns 2 Mary 3
with full insert!
Intro to SQL,
 SQL - Update statement
7 a set of tuples in SQL the following ‘Update’ command is used:
To alter
UPDATE R
SET attribute1 = datavalue1,
attribute2 = datavalue2,
……...
attributen = datavaluen
[where condition-]expression]
Example: increase the salary of all employees that work in
department 10 by 15%.

UPDATE Emp
SET sal = sal *0.15 If the where clause is omitted then all
WHERE deptno = 10; tuples in the relation will be altered!

Intro to SQL,
 8 UPDATE -Examples
Student
ID Name Year
UPDATE Student 1 John 1
SET Year = 1, 2 Mark 3
Student Name = ‘Jane’ 3 Anne 2
4 Jane 1
ID Name Year WHERE ID = 4
1 John 1
2 Mark 3
3 Anne 2 Student
4 Mary 2 ID Name Year
UPDATE Student 1 John 2
SET Year = Year + 1 2 Mark 4
3 Anne 3
4 Mary 3

Intro to SQL,
 SQL - Delete statement
9
To delete a set of tuples in SQL the following ‘Delete’ command is used:

DELETE FROM R
[where condition-expression]

Example: remove details of all employees that work in

department 10 from the Emp relation.

DELETE FROM Emp If the where clause is omitted then all

WHERE deptno = 10; tuples in the relation will be removed!

Intro to SQL,
 10 DELETE -Example
Student

DELETE FROM ID Name Year

Student 1 John 1
Student WHERE Year = 2 2 Mark 3
Student
ID Name Year
ID Name Year
1 John 1
1 John 1
2 Mark 3
2 Mark 3
3 Anne 2
3 Anne 2
4 Mary 2
4 Mary 2
Student
DELETE FROM Student ID Name Year
or
TRUNCATE TABLE Student

Intro to SQL,
 SQL - Group Insert statement-copy
11
To create a set of tuples in SQL the following ‘Insert’
command can be used:
INSERT INTO R (attribute1, attribute2, … attributen )
SELECT (attribute1, attribute2, … attributen)
FROM relation1, relation2, … relationn
[WHERE condition-expression]
[GROUP BY attribute1, attribute2, … attributen ]
[HAVING condition-expression]
[ORDER BY attribute1, attribute2, … attributen ]

Example: copy details of all employees that work in department

10 from the Emp relation into the DepA relation.
corresponding
INSERT INTO DepA (staffno, name, job,hiredate) attributes have to
SELECT empno, name, job, hiredate be of the same
FROM Emp type
WHERE deptno = 10;
Intro to SQL,
Each tuple to be inserted has to be unique!
 Saving Table Changes
 Changes made to table contents are not
physically saved on disk until
 Database is closed
 Program is closed
 COMMIT command is used
 Syntax
 COMMIT [WORK]
 Will permanently save any changes made
to any table in the database
 Restoring Table Contents
 ROLLBACK
 Used restore the database to its previous
condition
 Only applicable if COMMIT command has not
been used to permanently store the changes in
the database
 Syntax
 ROLLBACK;
 COMMIT and ROLLBACK only work with data
manipulation commands that are used to
add, modify, or delete table rows
14 Advanced Data Definition
Commands
 All changes in table structure are
made by using ALTER command
 Followed by keyword that produces
specific change
 Following three options are available:
 ADD
 MODIFY
 DROP
15 Changing a Column’s Data
Type
 ALTER can be used to change data type
 Some RDBMSs (such as Oracle) do not
permit changes to data types unless
column to be changed is Create
empty table
 Example, student(
SID INT PRIMARY
 ALTER TABLE student KEY,
…………);
MODIFY SID CHAR(16); //Data type
INT(previous defined) can be changed to
string (char(16) if there is no data exists in
the table STUDENT//
 16 Changing a Column’s Data
Characteristics
 Use ALTER to change data characteristics
 If column to be changed already contains
data, changes in column’s characteristics
are permitted if those changes do not
alter the data type
 Example;

SQL> ALTER TABLE Student

MODIFY Sname VARCHAR(30);
//Let’s assume previous permitted
characters were 20.
17 Adding a Column

 Use ALTER to add column

 Do not include the NOT
NULL clause for new
column
18 Dropping a Column

 Use ALTER to drop column

 Some RDBMSs impose
restrictions on the deletion of
an attribute
 Retrieval Queries in SQL (SELECT
Statement)

SELECT <List of Columns and expressions

(usually involving columns)>
FROM <List of Tables & Join Operators>
WHERE <List of Row conditions joined
together by And, Or, Not>
GROUP BY <list of grouping columns>
HAVING <list of group conditions connected
by And, Or, Not >
ORDER BY <list of sorting specifications>
Conceptual Evaluation -SELECT
From Tables:
Cross product and 1
join operations

Restriction on
where conditions 2
Compute
Sort on aggregates Restriction
Group
By?
Group BY and reduce on HAVING
Yes columns each group conditions
to 1 row
No 3 5
4
Order By?
Sort
Yes
No columns in 6
ORDER BY
Project columns 7
in SELECT

Finish
 Retrieval Queries in SQL..
Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is called a
mapping or a SELECT-FROM-WHERE block ( 3
clauses)

SELECT <attribute list>

FROM <table list>
WHERE <condition>

– <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose

values are to be retrieved by the query
– <table list> is a list of the relation names required
to process the query
– <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression
that identifies the tuples to be retrieved by the
query
 Retrieval Queries in SQL…
22

Using a “*” in a select statement indicates

that every attribute of the input table is to be
selected.
Example: SELECT * FROM … WHERE …;

To get unique rows, type the keyword

DISTINCT after SELECT.
Example: SELECT DISTINCT * FROM …
WHERE …;

Intro to SQL,
23 Retrieval Queries in SQL…
 Selecting Specific Columns
 Specify the column names to be
displayed in the result set by typing the
exact, complete column names.
 Separate each column name with a
comma (,).
 Specify the name of the table after the
FROM clause.
 Terminate the query with a semi-colon (;).

Eg, SELECT emp_ssn, emp_name FROM

Employee;
Intro to SQL,
 SQL – DISTINCT
 Eliminates all the duplicate entries in the table
resulting from the query.
Syntax:
SELECT [DISTINCT] coln_list
FROM table[, table, …]
[WHERE expression]
[ORDER BY expression]
Example:
SELECT DISTINCT studio_id, director_id
FROM Movies
 SQL – Order By
 Used to sort the results based on contents
of a column
 Multiple levels of sort can be done by
specifying multiple columns
 An expression can be used in Order By
clause
Syntax:
Select function(column)
From table1 [, table2 …]
[Where <condition>]
[Order By {Column | alias | position} [ASC |
DESC]]
Selecting Rows with
Conditional Restrictions

26
 27 Queries-Special Operators
 Often a subquery  Options
will return a set of
values rather than a  IN - checks to see if
single value a value is in the set
 You can’t directly  EXISTS - checks to
compare a single
value to a set see if the set is
empty or not
 ALL/ANY - checks to
see if a relationship
holds for every/one
member of the set
08-Nov-
2016
SQL, More Select statements
 28 (NOT) IN
 Using IN we can see if a SELECT
given value is in a set of <columns>
values FROM <tables>
 NOT IN checks to see if WHERE <value>
a given value is not in IN <set>
the set SELECT <columns>
 The set can be given FROM <tables>
explicitly or from a WHERE <value>
subquery NOT IN <set>

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 29 (NOT) IN
SELECT *
FROM Employee
WHERE Department
Employee IN(‘Marketing’,‘Sales’)
Name Department Manager
John Marketing Chris
Mary Marketing Chris Name Department Manager
Chris Marketing Jane John Marketing Chris
Peter Sales Jane Mary Marketing Chris
Jane Management Chris Marketing Jane
Peter Sales Jane

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 30 (NOT) IN

Employee SELECT *
Name Department Manager FROM Employee
John Marketing Chris WHERE Name NOT IN
Mary Marketing Chris (SELECT Manager
Chris Marketing Jane FROM
Peter Sales Jane Employee);
Jane Management

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 31 (NOT) IN
 First the  This gives
subquery
SELECT Manager SELECT *
FROM Employee FROM Employee
 is evaluated WHERE Name NOT IN
(‘Chris’,‘Jane’)
givingManager
Chris
Chris
Jane Name Department Manager
Jane
John Marketing Chris
Mary Marketing Chris
Peter Sales Jane

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 32 (NOT) EXISTS

 Using EXISTS we SELECT <columns>

see if there is at FROM <tables>
WHERE EXISTS <set>
least one element
in a set
 NOT EXISTS is
SELECT <columns>
true if the set is FROM <tables>
empty WHERE NOT EXISTS <set>
 The set is always
given by a
subquery
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 33 (NOT) EXISTS
SELECT *
FROM Employee E1
Employee WHERE EXISTS (
Name Department Manager SELECT * FROM
John Marketing Chris Employee E2
Mary Marketing Chris WHERE E2.Name =
Chris Marketing Jane E1.Manager)
Peter Sales Jane
Jane Management Name Department Manager
Chris Marketing Jane
Jane Management

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 34 ANY and ALL
 ANY and ALL  val = ANY (set)
compare a single is true if there is at
value to a set of least one member
values of the set equal to
 They are used with the value
comparison  val = ALL (set)
operators like is true if all
=, >, <, <>, >=, <= members of the set
are equal to the
value
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 35 ANY
Find the names of the employee(s)
who earn the highest salary

Employee
Name Salary SELECT Name
Mary 20,000 FROM Employee
John 15,000 WHERE Salary >=
Jane 25,000 ALL (
Paul 30,000
SELECT Salary
FROM Employee)

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 36 ANY
Find the names of
employee(s) who earn
more than someone else
Employee
Name Salary
SELECT Name
Mary 20,000
John 15,000 FROM Employee
Jane 25,000 WHERE Salary >
Paul 30,000
ANY (
Haule 25,000
SELECT Salary
FROM Employee)

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37 Special operators…
 BETWEEN
 Used to check whether attribute
value is within a range
 IS NULL
 Used to check whether attribute
value is null
 Usual mathematical operators
 +-*/^

Intro to SQL,
38 SQL CONCATENATE

 Sometimes it is necessary to
combine together (concatenate)
the results from several different
fields.
 Each database provides a way to
do……
 MSQL : CONCAT()
 Oracle: CONCAT(), ||
 SQL Sever: +
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 Aliases
39

 Two forms:
 Aliases rename
 Column alias
columns or
SELECT column
tables to
AS newName...
 Make names
 Table alias
more meaningful
SELECT ...
 Make names
shorter and FROM table
easier to type AS newName
 Resolve
ambiguous
names This ‘AS’ is optional, but Oracle
doesn’t accept it at all 08-Nov-
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SQL, More Select statements
 Queries- Example:
1) SELECT *
Person FROM person
Name Age Weight WHERE age > 30;
Harry 34 80 Name Age Weight
Sally 28 64 Harry 34 80
George 29 70 Helena 54 54
Helena 54 54 Peter 34 80
Peter 34 80

3) SELECT DISTINCT weight

2) SELECT weight
FROM person FROM person
WHERE age > 30; WHERE age > 30;
Weight Weight
80 80
54 54
80 Intro to SQL, 40
 41 ORDER BY With ASC and
 DESC
To sort columns from high to low, or
descending, an optional keyword DESC must
be specified.

 ASC - Ascending, low to high.

 DESC - Descending, high to low.

 When ASC or DESC is used, it sorts results

from specified column name.
Intro to SQL,
 42 Date functions
 Commonly used date functions are:
 Last_day
 Gives the last day of the month. This is
useful for knowing when payment might be
expected.
 MONTHS_BETWEEN
 Least
 Which of the string of dates is the earliest.
 Greatest
 Which of the string of dates is the latest.
Intro to SQL, 01/11/16
43
Meaning…
TO_CHAR(date,format)
 Converts the date to the specified format.

NEXT_DAY(date,dayofweek)
 Gives the date of the next ‘dayofweek’ after the date given.

LAST_DAY(date)
 Gives the last day of the month in the date specified.

ADD_MONTHS (date,int)
 Adds int months to the given date.

Intro to SQL, 01/11/16

44 Date functions…
• SYSDATE/ CURRENT_DATE gives current date,
eg SELECT SYSDATE FROM Dual;
• NEXT_DAY(d,day) where d is a date and day is
a string representing a day of the week.
– E.g. next_day(’14-Nov-2014’,’Monday’) will return ’19-Nov-2014’

• ADD_MONTHS(d,count) adds n months to d.

• MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1,d2)
• LEAST(d1,d2,…,dn)
• GREATEST(d1,…,dn)

Intro to SQL, 01/11/16

 Aggregate Fields in
SQL
COUNT (*)
COUNT ( [DISTINCT] A)
SUM ( [DISTINCT] A)
AVG ( [DISTINCT] A)
MAX (A)
MIN (A)

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45
 Aggregate Functions

 These functions operate on the multi-set

of values of a column of a relation, and
return a value
AVG(A): Average value
MIN(A): Minimum value
MAX(A): Maximum value
SUM(A): Sum of values
COUNT(A): Number of
values
47 To aggregate over > 1 row

 COUNT() AND COUNT(*)

 COUNT(A) is used to count the number of
values in a column
 COUNT(*) is used to count number of rows
of the query results ( it counts the number of
rows in the resulting table)
 SUM(A)
 SUM(A) is used to find the sum of the values
in a column

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48 Grouping clause
 The GROUP BY clause allows you to form
groups based on the specified condition.
 The syntax for using this command is

SELECT < column>, function

<column>,
FROM table/S
GROUP BY <column>;

Note: GROUP BY is not the same as ORDER BY

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49 Grouping
 Sometimes we need to have
sub-groups.
 This allows us to get
subtotals.
 This is done by using the
‘GROUP BY’ clause.

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50 Having clause

 The HAVING clause defines criteria used

to eliminate certain groups from the
output, just as the WHERE clause does
for individual row.
 HAVING and WHERE clauses work in a
similar manner. The difference is that
WHERE works on rows, while HAVING
works on groups. Expressions in HAVING
clause must be single_value per group
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51 Max() , Min() and Avg()
 MAX(A) is used to find the maximum
value in a column
 MIN(A) is used for finding the minimum
value in a column.
 AVG(A) is used to find the average of the
values in a column. It calculates the
average (mean) of all selected values of a
given field.

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 EX-1:Find age of the youngest sailor

with age 18, for each rating with at
least 2 such sailors
Sailors instance:
SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age)
AS minage sid sname rating age
FROM Sailors S 22 dustin 7 45.0
WHERE S.age >= 18
29 brutus 1 33.0
GROUP BY S.rating
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1 31 lubber 8 55.5
32 andy 8 25.5
58 rusty 10 35.0
rating minage
64 horatio 7 35.0
3 25.5
71 zorba 10 16.0
7 35.0
Answer relation: 74 horatio 9 35.0
8 25.5
85 art 3 25.5
95 bob 3 63.5
96 frodo 3 25.5
 Find age of the youngest sailor with age
 18, for each rating with at least 2 such
sailors. rating age
rating age
1 33.0
7 45.0
3 25.5
1 33.0
3 63.5 rating minage
8 55.5
3 25.5 3 25.5
8 25.5
7 45.0 7 35.0
10 35.0
7 35.0 8 25.5
7 35.0
10 16.0 8 55.5
9 35.0 8 25.5
3 25.5 9 35.0
3 63.5 10 35.0
3 25.5
 EX-2: Find age of the youngest sailor with age  18,
for each rating with at least 2 such sailors and with
every sailor under 60.
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1 AND EVERY (S. age <=60)

rating age
rating age
7 45.0 1 33.0
1 33.0 3 25.5
rating minage
8 55.5 3 63.5
8 25.5 7 35.0
3 25.5
10 35.0 8 25.5
7 45.0
7 35.0
10 16.0
7 35.0
9 35.0 8 55.5 What is the result of
3 25.5 8 25.5 changing EVERY to
3 63.5 9 35.0 ANY?
3 25.5 10 35.0
 EX-3: Find age of the youngest sailor
with 
age 18, for each rating with at
least 2 sailors between 18 and 60.
Sailors instance:
SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age) AS minage
FROM Sailors S sid sname rating age
WHERE S.age >= 18 AND S.age <= 60 22 dustin 7 45.0
GROUP BY S.rating
29 brutus 1 33.0
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1
31 lubber 8 55.5
32 andy 8 25.5
58 rusty 10 35.0
64 horatio 7 35.0
rating minage 71 zorba 10 16.0
Answer relation: 3 25.5 74 horatio 9 35.0
7 35.0 85 art 3 25.5
8 25.5 95 bob 3 63.5
96 frodo 3 25.5
56 Examples
 select count(*) from Grade; refer Grade table
 select max(mark) from Grade;
 select min(mark) from Grade;
 select avg(mark) from Grade;
 select count (*), code from Grade
group by code;
 For more examples visit
www.w3schools.com/sql

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