CIE 113

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

I. COURSE DESCRIPTION

This subject will cover axial stress and strain; stresses for torsion and bending;
combined stresses; statically indeterminate structures, and shear and moment
equations and diagrams.

II. COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of this term, you should be able to understand and appreciate the
significance of the fundamental concepts in strength of materials in the design
procedure of structural members, explain the basic concepts of stress and strain,
calculate the stresses due to tension, shear, and bending; and torsion under plain and
combined loadings, and analyze statically determinate and indeterminate structures.
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

III. GRADING SYSTEM

The Final Grade is computed as follows:

Final Grade = 0.2P1 + 0.2P2 + 0.2P3 + 0.4FE > 60%

1st Periodical Grade = (Class standing + Prelim Exam)/2 = 50%CS + 50% Exam
Class Standing = 60% quiz + 40% class participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Recitation, Problem set

2nd Periodical Grade = (Class standing + 2nd Periodical Exam)/2

Class Standing = 60% quiz + 40% class participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Recitation, Problem set

3rd Periodical Grade = (Class standing + 3rd Periodical Exam)/2

Class Standing = 60% quiz + 40% class participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Recitation, Problem set
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

IV. COURSE REQUIREMENTS

• There will be four periodic examinations: Preliminary Exam ( P1 Exam), Midterm Exam (
P2 Exam), Semifinal Exam (P3 Exam), and Final Exam. Passing > 60%.

• Students who miss a quiz or an exam with a valid reason (ex. A student who fails to
take the exam because of health reasons shall first present a valid medical certificate
to justify his condition) will be allowed to take a make-up quiz or examination which
will be given within five days after the original date of the quiz or examination but also
within the period of encoding of grades.

• A student who incurs a failing grade in the Final Examination gets a Final Grade of INC.
The student is required to file a completion form before qualifying for a removal
examination. The final examination grade will be set to 60 once the student gets a
perfect score in the removal examination. If in one academic year the student fails to
change his/her grade from an INC to a passing grade, he/she will be given a grade of
No Credit (NC).
 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS

STATICS
 deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with a
constant velocity.
 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS

STATICS
 deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with a
constant velocity.

 DYNAMICS
 is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.
 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS

STATICS
 deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with a
constant velocity.

 DYNAMICS
 is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.

 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
 deals with the internal effects and deformations that are caused by the applied loads.
FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Statics and Dynamics Strength of Materials

Body Rigid Real / Deformable

Force External Effects Internal Effects
Analysis FBD, Equations of FBD, Equations of
equilibrium equilibrium, Deformation
diagrams

Focus Identification of loads Determining the strength

that act on the body and rigidity of the body
Why are the internal effects in an
object important?
 INTERNAL FORCES

Deformations produced by the components of internal forces and couples.

 INTERNAL FORCES

Where:
P: The component of the resultant force that is
perpendicular to the cross section, tending to elongate or
shorten the bar, is called the normal force.

V: The component of the resultant force lying in the plane

of the cross section, tending to shear (slide) one segment
of the bar relative to the other segment, is called the
Deformations produced by the components of
shear force.
internal forces and couples.
T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to
twist (rotate) the bar is called the twisting moment or
torque.

M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to

bend the bar is called the bending moment.
 NORMAL STRESS

AXIALLY LOADED BARS

a. Centroidal (axial) loading
b. Stresses on inclined planes
 NORMAL STRESS

AXIALLY LOADED BARS

a. Centroidal (axial) loading

Normal stress formula:

𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨

Where:
P = axial force perpendicular to the cross-sectional area.
A = cross-sectional area
 NORMAL STRESS

AXIALLY LOADED BARS

b. Stresses on inclined planes

Derived formulas:
 SYSTEM UNITS

P A

SI Megapascals (MPa), Kilonewtons (kN), ,

Kilopascals (Kpa), Newtons (N), etc.
Pascals (Pa), etc.

English Kilopounds per Kilopounds (kips), ,

square inch (ksi), Pounds (lbs), etc.
Pounds per square
inch (psi), etc.
 ACTUAL STRESS vs ALLOWABLE STRESS

ACTUAL STRESS vs ALLOWABLE STRESS

- Or COMPUTED STRESS/ COMPUTED - Or WORKING STRESS/ ALLOWABLE FORCES/
FORCES/ ACTUAL FORCES WORKING FORCES
- derived from the effects of externally - are computed from the structural properties
applied loads acting on the body being of the member in question. These allowable
analyzed, meaning, they were computed quantities speak of the prescribed capacity of
using the equations of equilibrium. the member.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
𝜎 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝜎 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
To prevent failure of the member, the computed stress must be less than the working stress.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 80 mm must carry an axial tensile load of
330 kN. Determine the smallest allowable outside diameter (in mm) of the tube if the
working stress is 110 MN/m².
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The cross-sectional area of bar ABCD is 600 mm². Determine the maximum normal stress
in the bar.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the smallest allowable cross-sectional areas of members BD, BE, and CE of the
truss shown. The working stresses are 20 000 psi in tension and 12000 psi in compression.
(A reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The homogeneous 6000-lb bar ABC is supported by a pin at C and a cable that runs from A
to B around the frictionless pulley at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 in.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by the two wires AB and AC. The
working stresses are 100 MPa for AB and 150 MPa for AC. The cross- sectional areas of AB
and AC are 400 mm² and 200 mm², respectively.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The figure shows a glued joint, known as a finger joint, in a 6-in. by 3/4-in. piece of lumber.
Find the normal and shear stresses acting on the surface of the joint.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not
exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
 SHEAR STRESS

SHEAR STRESS FORMULA:

Where:
V = force parallel to the cross-
sectional area
A = cross-sectional area

Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b) double shear in a
bolt; and (c) shear in a metal sheet produced by a punch.
 BEARING STRESS
• BEARING STRESS,
- Special type of normal stress.
- Occurs as contact pressure between separate bodies, compressive in nature.

𝑷𝒃 𝑷
𝝈 𝒃= =
𝑨𝒃 𝒕 ∗ 𝒅
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The lap joint shown in Fig. (a) is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter. Find the maximum
load P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi
for bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed evenly among the four
rivets, and neglect friction between the plates.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The
shear strength of the plate is 350 MN/m².
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compute the maximum force P that can be applied to the foot pedal. The 6-mm.-diameter
pin at B is in single shear, and its working shear stress is 28 MPa. The cable attached at C
has a diameter of 3 mm. and a working normal stress of 140 MPa.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The steel end-cap is fitted into grooves cut in the timber post. The working stresses for the
post are 1.8 MPa in shear parallel to the grain and 5.5 MPa in bearing perpendicular to the
grain. Determine the smallest safe dimensions a and b.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The plate welded to the end of the I-beam is fastened to the support with four 10-mm-
diameter bolts (two on each side). Assuming that the load is equally divided among the
bolts, determine the normal and shear stresses in a bolt.
RECAP:
FORCES THAT CAUSES DEFORMATION:
• NORMAL STRESS • TWISTING MOMENT
- Type of force that acts normal or - Also called as torque. It tends to twist or
perpendicular to cross-sectional area. rotate the cross-sectional area of the body
𝑃 being considered.
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 , 𝜎 =
𝐴 • BENDING MOMENT
• SHEAR STRESS - Bending moment tends to bend the member.
- Type of force that acts tangent or • BEARING STRESS,
parallel to cross-sectional area. - Special type of normal stress.
𝑉 - Occurs as contact pressure between
𝑆h𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 , 𝜏=
𝐴 separate bodies, compressive in nature.

KINDS OF SHEAR STRESSES: 𝑃𝑏 𝑃

𝜎 𝑏= =
𝐴𝑏 𝑡 ∗ 𝑑
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
𝒓 Note:
≥ 𝟏𝟎 A vessel that has a ratio r/t of less than 10 will not be treated
𝒕 as thin-walled pressure vessel.
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases and liquids at a pressure substantially different
from the ambient pressure. Examples are: tin cans, water tanks, and more.
A vessel is said to be thin-walled when the ratio of the thickness to the radius of the vessel is small such
that the internal stress in the material is constant throughout the thickness of the vessel.

2 TYPES OF THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS.

CYLINDRICAL SPHERICAL
 CYLINDRICAL VESSELS
A. CYLINDRICAL VESSELS

2. Longitudinal Stress
Free diagram for computing the longitudinal stress

1. Tangential/ Circumferential/ Girth/

Hoop Stress

Free diagram for computing the

circumferential stress

Note:
For thin-walled vessels, we can use the
approximation
 SPHERICAL VESSELS
B. SPHERICAL VESSELS

Because of symmetry, different directions on the surface of the sphere

are indistinguishable. Therefore, the stress is constant throughout the
vessel.

Note:
For thin-walled vessels, we can use the approximation
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel has hemispherical end-caps. The inner radius of the vessel is 24 in.
and the wall thickness is constant at 0.25 in. When the vessel is pressurized to 125 psi, determine the
stresses in the (1) the cylinder; and (2) the end-caps. Use E = 29 × 10^6 psi.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The scuba tank has a cylindrical body and a spherical end-cap, each of 7.5 in. outer diameter. The wall
thickness of the tank is 0.5 in. The tank is made of an aluminum alloy which has an ultimate tensile
strength of 56 ksi. Determine the factor of safety against bursting when the tank is pressurized to 3000
psi.

Hint:
𝜎 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
𝜎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely filled, determine the
minimum thickness of the tank planting if the stress is limited to 40 MPa.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The cylindrical tank with a spherical end-cap has an outer radius of 2 m and a wall thickness of 25 mm.
If the tank is pressurized to 1.5 MPa, determine the longitudinal and circumferential stresses in the
cylinder, and the stress in the end-cap.
 DEFORMATION
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.

LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.

 DEFORMATION
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.

LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.

TYPES OF STRAIN:
 DEFORMATION
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.

LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.

TYPES OF STRAIN:
a. NORMAL STRAIN
- Change in dimensions (elongation/
shortening)
 DEFORMATION
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.

LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.

TYPES OF STRAIN:
a. NORMAL STRAIN b. SHEAR STRAIN
- Change in dimensions (elongation/ - Changes in angles (distortion)
shortening)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS and STRAIN exist concurrently in nature. If a body is under stress, it also exhibits
strain.

𝜹
𝜺=
𝑳

Where:
𝜀=𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝛿=𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h
 AXIAL DEFORMATION

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL STRESS AND ALLOWABLE STRESS?

 AXIAL DEFORMATION
TENSION TEST

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM)

The process is a specimen (like a steel bar) will be placed into the UTM
and it will stretch it until it breaks.
The machine will then transfer its data to a computer and the computer
will give the value of the allowable stress.
This test is called the TENSION TEST. And the computer will also give
us a graph of stress vs strain. This is called stress-strain curve.
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Proportional Limit and Hooke’s Law

1. Stress is proportional to strain.

𝝈=𝜺 𝑬
2. Its validity ends at the proportional limit. (Stress and
strain varies linearly.)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Elastic Limit
1. A material is said to be elastic if, after being loaded,
the material returns to its original shape when the load
is removed. The elastic limit is, as its name the stress
implies, the stress beyond which the material is no
longer elastic.
2. The permanent deformation that remains after the
removal of the load is called the permanent set.

𝑷𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
P = load applied
L = length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity/ Young’s
Modulus
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Yield Point
1. The point where the stress-strain diagram becomes
almost horizontal is called the yield point, and the
corresponding stress is known as the yield stress or yield
strength.
2. Beyond the yield point there is an appreciable
elongation, or yielding, of the material without
corresponding increase in load.

almost horizontal
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Ultimate Strength

1. The ultimate stress or ultimate strength, as it is often

called, is the highest curve on the the stress-strain curve.

2. Commonly used as the maximum stress that material can

carry.
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE Rupture Strength

1. The rupture stress or rupture strength is the stress at

which failure occurs.
AXIAL DEFORMATION

DEFORMATION FORMULA:
𝑷𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
 AXIAL DEFORMATION

DEFORMATION FORMULA:

𝜹 𝑷 𝑷 𝜹 𝑷𝑳
𝝈=𝜺 𝑬 𝜺=
𝑳
𝝈=
𝑨
= 𝑬
𝑨 𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
DEFORMATION FORMULA:

𝜹 𝑷 𝑷 𝜹 𝑷𝑳
𝝈=𝜺 𝑬 𝜺=
𝑳
𝝈=
𝑨
= 𝑬
𝑨 𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬

Note: This formula is only applicable if the strain (or stress) in the bar is uniform. To have a
uniform strain (or stress), the cross-sections, loads, and materials must be constant all
throughout.

Otherwise, we will use this: ADDITIONAL!

Derived formula of the deformation of the
𝑳 conical frustum:
𝑷
𝜹=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝑨𝑬
 Sample problem
The steel propeller shaft ABCD carries the axial loads shown. Determine the final length of the shaft
caused by these loads. Use E = 29 x 10^6 psi for steel.
 Sample problem
The rigid bar BC is supported by the steel rod AC of cross-sectional area of 0.25 in². Find the vertical
displacement of point C caused by the 2000-lb load. Use psi for steel.
 Sample problem
The steel rod is placed inside the copper tube, the length of each being exactly 15 in. If the assembly is
compressed by 0.0075 in., determine the stress in each component and the applied force P. The moduli
of elasticity are 29 × 10^6 psi for steel and 17 x 10^6 psi for copper.
 Sample problem
The rigid bar AB is supported by two rods made of the same material. If the bar is horizontal before the
load P is applied, find the distance x that locates the position where P must act if the bar is to remain
horizontal. Neglect the weight of bar AB.
 Sample problem
The rigid bars ABC and CD are supported by pins at A and D and by a steel rod at B. There is a roller
connection between the bars at C. Compute the vertical displacement of point C caused by the 50-kN
load.
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
- are members that cannot be analyzed by equations of equilibrium alone.

Equations to use:
1. Equations from equilibrium
2. Equations from deformation (compatibility equations).

Steps:
1. Draw the FBD.
2. Derive the compatibility equations.
3. Use Hooke's Law to express strains in terms of forces.
4. Solve all the equations simultaneously
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The figure below shows a copper copper rod that is placed in an aluminum tube. The rod is 0.005 in.
longer than the tube. Find the maximum safe load P that can be applied to the bearing plate, using the
following data:
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The concrete post in Fig. (a) is reinforced axially with four symmetrically placed steel bars, each of
cross-sectional area 900 mm². Compute the stress in each material when the 1000-kN axial load is
applied. The moduli of elasticity are 200 GPa for steel and 14 GPa for concrete.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The steel rod is stress-free before the axial loads P₁ = 150 kN and P2 = 90 kN are applied to the rod.
Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the axial force in each segment after the loads are applied.
Use E = 200 GPa.