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Mobile Propagation

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rphanikumar chintalapudi
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27 views29 pages

Mobile Propagation

Uploaded by

rphanikumar chintalapudi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concept of Propagation:

# Path loss,
# Reflection
Introduction to Radio Wave
Propagation
 The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the
performance of wireless communication systems.

 Mobile radio path is obstructed by Constructions, terrains, and


Bunch of trees.

 RF channels are random, They are not easy for investigation.

 The propagation influences how quickly the signal level fades as


a mobile terminals travels in the space.

 Demonstrating radio channel is most tough part and one of the


solutions is through a statistical based measurement.
 Mechanisms affect radio wave propagation are:

• Reflection

• Diffraction

• Scattering

 In metropolitan areas, there is no direct line-of-sight path between


the transmitter and the receiver, and where the buildings causes
severe loss.

 multi-path fading is a cause of Multiple reflections .


 Large Scale Propagation Models:

Propagation models are usually required to predict the average


received signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter and
estimating the coverage area (averaged over meters).

 Small-Scale models (fading models):

Propagation models that characterize rapid fluctuations of the


received signal strength over very short travel distances (few
wavelengths) or short time duration (on the order of seconds ).
Propagation models
 Most radio propagation models are derived using a combination of
analytical (from a set of measured data) and practical methods.

 All propagation factors through actual field measurements are


included.

 Some classical propagation models are now used to predict large


scale coverage for mobile communication systems design.
Free Space Propagation Model

 Far-field is assumed
d > 2D2/l , where
D is the largest linear dimension of antenna
I is the carrier wavelength
No interference, no obstructions

Pt Transmitted power,
Pr(d) Received power
Gt Transmitter antenna gain,
Gr Receiver antenna gain,
D T-R separation distance
L System loss factor not related to propagation
Example-1:
Example-2:
Relating power to Electric Field
Power flux density at distance d from a point source

Rant
Vant To matched
V receiver
(open circuit)

Model for voltage applied to the input of a receiver


Example-3:

(a)

(b)

(c)
Radio Propagation Mechanisms
 Reflection:

Conductors & Dielectric materials Propagation wave impinges on


an object which is large as compared to wavelength.
e.g: the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.

 Diffraction:

Radio path between transmitter & receiver obstructed by surface


with sharp irregular edges Waves bend around the obstacle, even
when LOS does not exist.

 Scattering:

The through which the wave travels consists of objects with


dimensions smaller than the wavelength and where the no. of
obstacles per unit volume is large rough surfaces, small objects,
foliage, street signs, lamp posts.
Reflection from smooth surface

 Geometry for calculating the reflection coefficients between two


dielectrics

E-Field in the plane of incidence E-Field normal to the plane of incidence

The plane of incidence: The plane containing the incidence, reflected, and transmitted rays
Brewster Angle

 The angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin.It


occurs only for parallel polarization.
Reflection from perfect conductors
Ground Reflection (2-ray) Model

 Accurate for predicting the large-scale signal strength over


distances of several kilometers for mobile radio systems that use tall
towers
(heights ~ 50 m) as well as LOS microcell channels in urban
environment.
 If Eo is the free space E-field at a reference distance do from the
transmitter, then for d > do, the free space propagating E-field is
given by

Two propagating waves:

Direct: Travel distance d’

reflected: Travel distance d’’


Direct

Reflected

Assuming perfect ground reflection G = -1, the resultant total E-field

|ETOT| = |ELOS + Eg|


 Using the method of images

If d is very large, using


Taylor series,

The phase difference between the two filed will be


 As d becomes large, the difference between the paths becomes
very small and the difference only in phase

i.e

At
Using the phasor diagram
 Example-6
Thank you

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