CDN (CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORK)

A content delivery network (CDN) is a network of interconnected servers that speeds up webpage loading for data-heavy
applications. CDN can stand for content delivery network or content distribution network. When a user visits a website,
data from that website's server has to travel across the internet to reach the user's computer. If the user is located far from
that server, it will take a long time to load a large file, such as a video or website image. Instead, the website content is
stored on CDN servers geographically closer to the users and reaches their computers much faster.

A content delivery network (CDN) is a geographically distributed group of servers that caches content close to end
users. A CDN allows for the quick transfer of assets needed for loading Internet content, including HTML pages,
JavaScript files, stylesheets, images, and videos.
The popularity of CDN services continues to grow, and today the majority of web traffic is served through CDNs,
including traffic from major sites like Facebook, Netflix, and Amazon.
BENEFITS OF CDN
Reduce page load time
Reduce bandwidth costs
Increase content availability
Improve website security
CHROMA SUBSAMPLING
Chroma subsampling is a technique used in image and video compression to reduce file size while maintaining
visual quality. It achieves this by reducing the amount of data stored for color information, as opposed to
luminance (brightness) information. In other words, it reduces the resolution of color information while
preserving the resolution of brightness information.

The most common chroma subsampling formats are expressed in a ratio format, such as 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, etc.
The numbers represent the ratio of samples taken for each color component compared to the luminance
component.

Here's what each part of the ratio signifies:

1.The first number represents the number of samples taken for the luminance (Y) component.

2.The second number represents the number of samples taken for the chrominance (Cb) component.

3.The third number represents the number of samples taken for the other chrominance (Cr) component.
FOR EXAMPLE:

•In 4:4:4, there's no chroma subsampling. This means that for every pixel, there's full color information
for both chrominance and luminance.

•In 4:2:2, chroma subsampling is applied horizontally, meaning every two pixels share the same
chrominance information but have independent luminance information.

•In 4:2:0, chroma subsampling is applied both horizontally and vertically, meaning every block of four
pixels shares the same chrominance information but has independent luminance information.
BENEFITS OF CHROMA SUBSAMPLING:

1.Reduced file size: By discarding some of the color information, the file size is reduced significantly.
Since human vision is less sensitive to changes in color compared to changes in brightness, this reduction
often goes unnoticed.

2.Lower bandwidth requirements: Chroma subsampling reduces the amount of data that needs to be
transmitted or stored, making it suitable for applications with limited bandwidth or storage capacity, such
as streaming video or digital broadcasting.
3.
4.Faster processing: With fewer data to process, decoding and encoding operations are faster, which is
beneficial for real-time applications like video streaming or video conferencing.
WHAT IS JPEG?

• JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group and is a lossy compression algorithm that results in
significantly smaller file sizes with little to no perceptible impact on picture quality and resolution.

• A JPEG-compressed image can be ten times smaller than the original one.

• JPEG works by removing information that is not easily visible to the human eye while keeping the
information that the human eye is good at perceiving.

COMPRESSION

• A lossy compression algorithm is a compression algorithm that permanently removes some data from the
original file, especially redundant data, when compressing it.

• A lossless compression algorithm is a compression algorithm that doesn’t remove any information when
compressing a file, and all information is restored after decompression.
JPEG COMPRESSION STEPS
First, let’s take a look at an overview of the steps that JPEG takes when compressing an image:
DISCRETE MEDIA:
Definition: Discrete media refers to digital content that is represented by a finite set of distinct values or
symbols.

Examples: Text, graphics, images, audio (digital music), and video (compressed video formats like
MPEG).

Characteristics:
• Discrete media consist of individual elements or samples that are separate and distinct from each
other.

• Each sample or element has a specific value or state, often represented using digital codes or discrete
symbols.

• Discrete media can be easily manipulated, transmitted, and stored using digital technologies and
algorithms.

• Common operations include editing, processing, compression, and transmission of discrete media.
CONTINUOUS MEDIA:
Definition: Continuous media refers to digital content that represents a continuous signal, usually over a
continuous range of values.

Examples: Analog audio, analog video, animations, and interactive multimedia applications.

Characteristics:
• Continuous media represent signals or data streams that vary smoothly over time or space.

• They are often described using mathematical functions or equations that model the continuous nature
of the signal.

• Unlike discrete media, continuous media do not have distinct, separate elements or samples; instead,
they exhibit a continuous flow of information.

• Common operations on continuous media involve signal processing techniques such as filtering,
interpolation, and transformation.
 IMMERSION (VIRTUAL REALITY)

Immersion into virtual reality (VR) is a perception of being physically present in a non-physical world.

The perception is created by surrounding the user of the VR system in images, sound or other stimuli that

provide an engrossing total environment.

Immersive virtual reality (immersive VR) is the presentation of an artificial environment that replaces
users'

real-world surroundings convincingly enough that they are able to suspend disbelief and fully engage with

the created environment. Immersiveness is an important element of virtual reality applications, such as VR

gaming and VR therapy.

VIDEO FORMATS CODECS AND CONTAINERS

Video Format: A video format refers to the way video data is encoded and stored. It encompasses both the
codec (compression/decompression algorithm) used and the container format (the file format that
encapsulates the video data along with other elements like audio, subtitles, metadata, etc.).

Video formats determine how data is compressed, decoded, and played back.

Codec (Compression/Decompression Algorithm):

A codec is a software or hardware-based algorithm that compresses and decompresses video data.

Codecs are essential for reducing the size of video files for storage and transmission, as well as for
decoding compressed video for playback.
There are two main types of codecs:

Lossy Codecs: These codecs achieve high compression ratios by discarding some information during
compression, leading to some loss of quality. Popular examples include H.264 (AVC), H.265 (HEVC),
and MPEG-4.

Lossless Codecs: These codecs preserve all the original information during compression, resulting in
larger file sizes but maintaining higher quality. Examples include Apple ProRes, Avid DNxHD, and
FFV1.
CONTAINER FORMAT:

A container format, also known as a wrapper format, is a file format that contains video, audio,
metadata, and other related data elements in a structured manner.
It serves as a "container" for various multimedia components.
Containers can hold different types of codecs and facilitate synchronization between audio and video
streams.
Common container formats include:

MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14): Widely used for storing video, audio, and other data such as subtitles and
metadata. MP4 supports various codecs including H.264, H.265, AAC, and others.

MKV (Matroska): A flexible, open-standard container format that can hold multiple audio, video, and
subtitle tracks in a single file. It supports a wide range of codecs, including both proprietary and
open-source ones.
TYPOGRAPHY
Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable and
appealing when displayed.

The term typography is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and
symbols created by the process.

Typography is the also the work of graphic designers, art directors, manga artists, comic book artists, and,
now, anyone who arranges words, letters, numbers, and symbols for publication, display
COLOR PSYCHOLOGY
Color Psychology has long been a powerful marketing tool.

Color psychology is research about how color affects human behavior and emotions. Different colors, hues, and
tones bring up distinct associations that impact human mood and decision making. Color psychology can vary
depending on personal preferences and culture.

In marketing, color can impact how buyers perceive different brands and products, so it’s crucial to pick the
tones that align with your business’s goals and target audience.

Color psychology plays a major role in how consumers make decisions and evaluate brands:

Up to 90% of an initial impression comes from color

Color can increase brand awareness and recognition by 80%

93% of consumers make purchasing decisions based on visuals alone