Scribd
Upload
38 views43 pages

Measures Of: Central Tendenc Y

Uploaded by

caravan.travellers22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views43 pages

Measures Of: Central Tendenc Y

Uploaded by

caravan.travellers22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43

MEASURES of

CENTRAL
TENDENC
Learning
Objectives
When you have completed this chapter, you will be –

 LO1 Able to understand different measures


Of Central Tendency
 LO2 Able to identify the use of mean,
median and mode
 LO3 Able to calculate mean, median and
mode for group and ungroup data
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:

From this lecture we are going to


learn:
 What is measures of central
tendency?
 Types of measures of central
tendency
 Discussion of different types of

measures of central tendency and


their calculation procedures for
group data and ungroup data.
Lets
start….
What is measures of central
tendency?
The term measure of central tendency can
be described as a single value which is used
to define a set of data by classifying the
central position within that set of data.
MEAN
The mean of a sample or a
population is computed by
adding all of the observations
and dividing by the number of
observations.
Mean / Average

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


The mean (or average) is the most popular and
well known measure of central tendency. It can be
used with both discrete and continuous data,
although its use is most often with continuous
data. The mean is equal to the sum of all the
values in the data set divided by the number of
values in the data set. So, if we have n values in a
data set and they have values x1, x2, ..., xn, then
the sample mean, usually denoted by
(pronounced x bar), is:

X
X =
n
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE
You may have noticed that the above
formula refers to the sample mean. So, why
call have we called it a sample mean? This
is because, in statistics, samples and
populations have very different meanings
and these differences are very important,
even if, in the case of the mean, they are
calculated in the same way. To
acknowledge that we are calculating the
population mean and not the sample mean,
we use the Greek lower caseX letter "mu",
 =
denoted as µ. Population mean
N
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE
The following data represent the number of
books issued in a school library on selected
from 7 different days 7, 9, 12, 15, 5, 4, 11
find the mean number of books.
Solution:
In general, it is considered as the
arithmetic mean. Some other measures
of mean used to find the central
tendency are as follows:

 Geometric Mean
 Harmonic Mean
 Weighted Mean

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


Example

Age Group Number of


Employee
25-35 20
35-45 30
45-55 15
55-65 12

Solution
MEDIAN
To find the median, we arrange the
observations in order from smallest
to largest value. If there is an odd
number of observations, the median
is the middle value. If there is an
even number of observations, the
median is the average of the two
middle values.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE
Calculate median from the
followings data…………

6555895635145655874592

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


We first need to rearrange that data into
order of magnitude (smallest first):
‘
1435455555565665878992

55+56/2

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


ur median mark is the middle mark - in this case 56
ighlighted in bold). It is the middle mark because the
re 5 scores before it and 5 scores after it. This works
ne when you have an odd number of scores but wha
ppens when you have an even number of scores?
hat if you had only 10 scores? Well, you simply have
ke the middle two scores and average the result. So
we look at the example below:

65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


We again rearrange that
data into order of
magnitude (smallest first):
Only now we have to take
the 5th and 6th score in
our data set and average
them to get a median of
55.5.
14354555 5 5
5 6 5665878992
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE
e calculation of the median of grouped data is base
n the following formula:

= the lower limit of the class containing the median


= the total number of frequencies
= the frequency of the median class
F = the cumulative number of frequencies in the
classes preceding the class containing the media
= the width of the class containing the median

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


Example
Class Frequency
40-44 4
45-49 7
50-54 14
55-59 11
60-64 8
65-69 6
Median: L + ()*C
=50 + ()*5
=55
Example:
The median is the middle value of a data set and for
grouped data, we can find the class that the median
resides in relatively easily. In the case of the example we
used for the arithmetic mean of grouped data, we can see
that the median value is the average of the 20th and 21st
values … there are 40 data points, an even number of
data points. The median class is highlighted in the
following table:

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


Putting the numbers from the example into th
formula now, we see that the median value is
10.53:

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


MODE
The mode is the most frequently appearing
value in the population or sample. Suppose we
draw a sample of five women and measure their
weights. They weigh 100 pounds, 100 pounds,
130 pounds, 140 pounds, and 150 pounds. Since
more women weigh 100 pounds than any other
weight, the mode would equal 100 pounds.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: MEAN,MEDIAN,MODE


Exampl
e
Find the mode (s) for the given sample data.
79, 25, 79, 13, 25, 29, 56, 79

A. 79
B. 48.1
C. 42.5
D. 25
Mode of Grouped Data:

 For grouped frequency distribution the Mode is given by

1
M o L  c
1   2
where,
L = The lower limit of the modal class (Modal class is that class for
which the frequency is maximum)
Δ1= The difference between the frequency of the modal class and pre-
modal class
Δ2 = The difference between the frequency of the modal class and post-
modal class
c = The length of the modal class.
Example
Students present Frequency, fi
15-19 3
20-24 6
25-29 2
30-34 5
35-39 4
Total n=20

Solution:

Since the maximum frequency 6 is in the class 20-24, therefore 20-24


is the modal class. 
M L  c1
Mode= o
 1 2

Where, L=20, Δ1= (6-3) =3, Δ2=(6-2) =4, c= 4


Mode= =20+ *4=21.71
Hence, the mode of the given data is 21.71
Weighted Mean

The arithmetic mean, as discussed earlier, gives equal importance


(or weights) to each observation in the data set. However, there are
situations in which values of individual observations in the data set
are not of equal importance. Under these circumstances, we may
attach, a weight, as an indicator of their importance to each
observation value.
The weights assigned to different components in an examination
or Component Weightage Marks scored. Calculate the weighted
average score of the student who scored marks as given in the
table
Solution
Geometric Mean(GM)
The Geometric Mean (G.M.) of a set of n observations is the nth root of their
product. If x1, x2, ... , xn are n observations then

Taking the nth root of a number is difficult. Thus, the computation is done as
under
Calculate the geometric mean of the annual percentage growth rate
of profits in business corporate from the year 2000 to 2005 is given
below

50, 72, 54, 82, 93

Solution:
Example
The population in a city increased at the rate of 15% and 25%
for two successive years. In the next year it decreased at the rate
of 5%. Find the average rate of growth.
Solution: Let us assume that the population is 100
Are you Ready

Post test Time

41
The following the distribution of persons according to different
income groups

Find the average income of the persons.


Calculate Mean, median,
mode.

You might also like