CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFITIAL INTELLEGENCE

(AI)

Email:[email protected]

By:Abdela A. (M.Tech in CSE)

Course Outline of chapter
one
 Introduction (definition)

 Foundation of AI

 History of AI

 Approaches of AI

 State of the art

Reference book:
Artificial intelligence :modern Approach 4th edition
INTRODUCTION
Cont….
INTRODUCTION
 What Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial
o Artificial defines "man-made

o the ability to learn and solve problems” hence Artificial

o Produced by human art or effort, rather than

originating naturally.
 Intelligence

 intelligence defines "thinking power", or

o Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

o is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it.

 What Artificial Intelligence?
So, AI was defined as:
 ) Artificial Intelligence (AIas the branch of

computer science by which we can create

intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.
 AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to

be intelligent.
 AI is the part of computer science concerned

with design of computer systems that exhibit

 Cont …
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have
human-based skills such as:
 learning,
 reasoning, and
 problems with Artificial Intelligence

 you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work,

despite that you can create a machine with programmed

algorithms which can work with own intelligence
 From the above definitions, we can see that AI has two major

roles:
 Study the intelligent part concerned with humans.

 Represent those actions using computers

 Cont…
 AI is an area of computer science that emphasizes

the creation of intelligent machines that work and

reacts like humans.
 It is the simulation of human intelligence processes

by machines, especially computer systems.

 These processes include learning (the acquisition of

information and rules for using the information),

reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or
definite conclusions), and self-correction.
 Cont…
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by

machines.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science

which deals with helping machines find solutions to

complex problems in a more human-like fashion
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Answer: The power of a machine to copy intelligent
human behavior
 Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence is composed of:

➢ Reasoning (for
decision making )
➢ Learning (gaining
knowledge)
➢ Problem Solving
(reach decision making)
➢ Perception
(acquiring using sensor )

➢Linguistic(communication)
 Why Study AI?
 AI makes computers more useful

 Intelligent computer would have huge impact on

civilization.
 AI cited as “field I would most like to be in” by

scientists in all fields

 Computer is a good metaphor for talking and

thinking about intelligence

 AI yields good results for Computer Science

 AI yields good results for other fields

 Four approach of AI
 Systems that think like humans Systems that
think rationally
 Systems that act like humans Systems that act

rationally
 Rationally : Systems do processes with intelligence and finds
solutions to complex problems
 Human: Solving simple problems as like a human
 Cont…
 Historically, all four approaches to AI have been

followed, each by different people with different

methods.
 A human-centered approach must be in part an

empirical science, involving observations and

hypotheses about human behavior.
 A rationalist approach involves a combination of

mathematics and engineering.

 A. Act Humanly: The Turing Test Approach
 The Turing Test (performed by Turing Machine1),
was proposed by Alan Turing (1950).
 A computer passes the test if a human
interrogator, after posing some written questions,
cannot tell whether the written responses come
from a person or from a computer.
 The computer would need to possess the
following capabilities:
 Natural Language Processing (NLP) to enable it to
communicate successfully in English;
 Knowledge Representation to store what it knows or
hears;
 Automated Reasoning to use the stored information to
answer questions and draw new conclusions;
 Machine Learning to adapt to new circumstances and to
detect and extrapolate patterns.
 B. Think Humanly: The Cognitive Modeling
Approach

 If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human,

we must have some way of determining how humans think.

 We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds.

 There are three ways to do this through:

 Introspection – trying to catch our own thoughts as they go

by;
 Psychological Experiments – observing a person in action;

and
 Brain Imaging – observing the brain in action.

 Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind, it

becomes possible to express the theory as a computer program.

 C. Thinking Rationally: The “Laws of Thought”
Approach

 “Right Thinking” – is first codified by Aristotle.

 His syllogisms provided patterns for argument
structures that always yielded correct
conclusions when given correct premises.
Example 1.1:
“Socrates is a man; all men are mortal;
therefore, Socrates is mortal.”
 These laws of thought were supposed to
govern the operation of the mind; their study
initiated the field called logic.
 D. Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent
Approach
 Cognitive Science – The field of science concerned with

cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology, linguistics,

computer science, cognitive neuroscience, and philosophy of mind.
 An agent is just something that acts (agent comes from the Latin

agree, to do). All computer programs do something, but computer

agents are expected to do more:
 Operate autonomously,

 Perceive their environment,

 Persist over a prolonged time period,

 Adapt to change, and

 Create and pursue goals.

 Goals of AI

 To create expert systems – the systems which exhibit

intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and

advise their users which are called smart programs.
 To implement human intelligence in machines − creating

systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like

humans. Shortly, to understand human intelligence better
and write programs that emulate it.
 Make machines smarter

 Understand what intelligence is.

 Make machines more useful.

 Applications Area Of AI
 Expert systems.

 Natural Language Processing (NLP).

 Speech recognition.

 Computer vision.

 Robotics.

 Automatic Programming

 Etc.
 Expert System
 An Expert System is a computer program designed to act

as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise).

 Domain of E.S. Knowledge base Facts Heuristics Phases

in Expert System.
 Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts,

not to replace them,

 They have been used in medical diagnosis, chemical

analysis, geological explorations etc.

 Example: MYCIN
 Expert System
 A knowledge engineer interviews experts in a certain

domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a

computer program for carrying out some task.
 How well this works depends on whether the

intellectual mechanisms required for the task are

within the present state of AI.
 Natural Language Processing
 The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers

to LP communicate in a natural (humanly)

language(such as, English) rather than in a
computer language
 Speech Recognition
 The primary interactive method of communication

used by humans is not reading and writing, it is

speech.
 The goal of speech recognition research is to allow

computers to understand human speech.

 So that they can hear our voices and recognize the

words we are speaking.

 Speech Recognition
 It simplifies the process of interactive

communication between people and computers,

thus it advances the goal of NLP
 Computer Vision
 People generally use vision as their primary means of
sensing their environment, we generally see more than
we hear, feel or smell or taste.
 The goal of computer vision research is to give
computers this same powerful facility for understanding
their surrounding.
 Here A.I helps computer to understand what they see
through attached cameras
 Face recognition process using AI.
 Robotics
 A Robot is a electro-mechanical device that can by
programmed to perform manual tasks or a
reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed
to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices
through variable programmed motions for performance
of variety of tasks.
 An ‘intelligent’ robot includes some kind of sensory
apparatus that allows it to respond to change in it’ s
environment
 Automatic Programming
 Automatic programming is the generation of programs

by computer, usually based on specifications that are

higher-level and easier for humans to specify than
ordinary programming languages.
 It’s one of the most important part of A.I.
Application areas of AI
 What comprises to AI?
 Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science

even it's so vast and requires lots of other

factors/disciplines that can contribute to it.
 To create the AI-first we should know that how intelligence

is composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our

brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning,
problem-solving, perception, language understanding, etc.
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software

Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines

 What comprises to AI?
AI is multi disciplinary
 Mathematics

 Biology

 Psychology

 Sociology

 Computer Science

 Neurons Study

 Statistics, etc.
 Future of A.I
 The future is really UNKNOWN.

 Researchers seem to disagree on a lot of the same

issues.
 With the rate at which technology is improving it is

logical to believe AI will continue to get more and more

sophisticated
 Future of A.I
 But we can imagine two different kind of future of

A.I.
 They are :

1) Positive

2) Negative
 Positive imagination of Future
 Maybe, the day is not far

when we will just sit back in

our cozy little beds and just
command our personal
Robot's to entirely
 do our ruts .
 He will be a perfect

companion for us.

 Just enjoy the Technology.

 A ‘gardener’
 Negative imagination of Future
 It may end in other way too.

 Some day there will be a knock at our door.

 As we open it, we’ll see a large number of Robots

marching into our house destroying everything we

own and looting you.
 This is because ever since there is an advantage in

the Technology, it attracts antisocial elements.

 This is true for Robots too.
 Negative imagination of Future
 Because now they will have full power to think as

human, even as of anti-social elements.

 So we should think trice before giving them power

of Cognition.
 LEVELS OF AI
What do you think the stages of AI passed to get at the

current stages of its development?

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention

Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise

Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General

Intelligence (AGI)

Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)

Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence

The seven layers of AI
Types of AI
 Application of AI
1. AI in agriculture

2. AI in Healthcare

3. AI in education

4. AI in Finance and E-commerce

5. AI in Gaming

6. AI in Data Security

7. AI in Social Media

8. AI in Travel &Transport

9. AI in the Automotive Industry

10. AI in Robotics

11. AI in Entertainment
 State of the Art
 The state-of-the-art deals with the applications of AI. Some of the
AI applications are
 Robotic Vehicles

 Speech Recognition

 Autonomous Planning and Scheduling

 Game Playing

 Spam Fighting

 Logistics Planning

 Robotics

 Machine Translation

 Natural Language Processing

 Machine(Systems) Vision

 Handwriting Recognition
 Advantage of AI
 more powerful and more
 High Accuracy with
useful computers
fewer errors
 new and improved interfaces
 High-Speed  solving new problems

 High reliability  better handling of

information
 Useful for risky areas
 relieves information overload
 Digital Assistant
 conversion of information

 Useful as a public utility into knowledge

 Disadvantage of AI

 High cost increased costs

 Can’t think out of the difficulty with software

box development - slow and

 No feeling and emotions expensive
few experienced
 Increase dependence on
programmers
machines
few practical products
 No original creativity
have reached the
market as yet.
History of AI