Chapter V

Global
Population
and Mobility
Group 5
Learning Outcomes
Understand the
concept of Evaluate theories
0 globalization and its
impact on urban 0 related to
population growth.
1 development.
3
Analyze the role of Understand the

0 cities in global
economic and
0 concepts and
factors related to

2 social systems.
4 migration.
Global Population and
Mobility
Lesson 1:
Global City
Presented by:
Rosalinda, Rodjones
Magtanggol, Cristina
Galang, Floriane
What is a Global City?
(a.k.a. World City) An idea which proposes that globalization can
be separated as far as vital geographic areas that see
worldwide procedures being made, encouraged, and ordered.

It is an urban center that enjoys substantial economical

advantages and serves as a hub within a globalized economic
structure. These urban centers have an immediate and
unmistakable impact on worldwide issues.
Globalization allows cities to reshape themselves. There is a
hypothesis that urban areas are becoming the main hubs for
global production, finance, and media communication. These
urban areas are viewed as the building pieces of globalization.

Cities are also becoming important centers for local, political

activities. At the same time, there is a larger effort to reconfigure
state foundations, and cities play a key role in this change.

These imply that cities are not only economic hubs but also
becoming increasingly important for local political decisions.
Key Trends Driving the Rise of
Worldwide Urban Areas
● Expansion of Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
○ TNCs play a major role in global production.
○ These corporations rely on certain cities to meet their
economic and service needs.
● Shift from Mass Production (Fordist Model) to Adaptable
Production Inside Urban Territories
○ Traditional large-scale manufacturing is declining.
○ Urban areas are shifting towards adaptable
production.
Other cities fail to become globally
connected or influential. They don’t
develop the economic, financial, or
cultural significance needed to be
considered global cities. These cities
don’t benefit as much from
globalization and may struggle to keep
up with it.
While those cities that end up becoming
Global Cities became important centers
for controlling and coordinating the
activities of TNCs in a global economy.
Such cities have accepted an
administration part at the neighborhood
level and inside more extensive designs of
what analysts have named
“Glocalization” of state foundations.
 Glocalizati
●
on
A portmanteau of "Globalization”
and “Local”

A phenomenon where a product or

service was developed and produced for
global consumption, but at the same time
for the needs of the local market.

e.g. London and New York’s financial

districts and Silicon Valley.
Attributes of Global Cities
They are politically locked in. National capitals have an
advantage; however non-capital global cities likewise have
offices, think tanks, and universal gatherings.

They are centers of network. Their framework, including

significant air terminals and best flight broadband, link them all
day and all night with other global cities.

They are driven by worldwide visionaries. Global city

pioneers comprehend their urban communities’ place in the
global economy, and pitch this global concentration to voters
for whom all governmental issues might be local.
Attributes of Global Cities
They value high quality of life. This includes public transit, a
clean environment, safe streets, good health care, and efficient
and honest local government.

They are open. National policies that limit immigration, restrict

trade, censor the media or digital communication make it
harder for global cities to thrive.

Home to several financial service providers and institutions,

headquarters to large multinationals, and dominate the trade
and economy of their countries.
Attributes of Global Cities
Centers of innovation, boasts of well-developed infrastructure,
large population of employed people and act as the centers of
communication of global news.

Active participation in international events and world

affairs; for example, New York City is home to the United
Nations headquarters complex and consequently contains a
vast majority of the permanent missions to the UN.

A fairly large population (the center of a metropolitan area

with a population of at least one million, typically several
millions.)
Attributes of Global Cities
An advanced transportation system that includes several
freeways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple
modes of transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail,
ferry, or bus).

They are magnets for the best and brightest from around the
world, including their nations’ young people.

They thrive on great universities, provide good schools for

children, and solid education and skills development for the
workers needed to support the city.

They have large foreign-born populations.

Attributes of Global Cities
Immigrants are attracted to jobs in global cities and, once
there, add new blood and verve to the urban vitality.

They are global taste-makers and cultural capitals:

museums, symphonies, theaters, restaurants, sports, and
nightlife are a cause and effect of a global city.

They are destinations. Tourists share their impressions and

experiences with others, creating the buzz needed to attract
more visitors.
Global City: Key indicators

Economic Political Cultural Industrial

Corporate Active First name Advanced

headquarters, influence and familiarity transportation
multinational participation NEW YORK system
corporations on TOKYO
international PARIS
events and LONDON
world affairs
Global City: Key indicators

Economic Political Cultural Industrial

International Hosting Highly Major

financial headquarter renowned international
institutions events for cultural airports and
international institutions, ports
organizations galleries,
sports
complex, film
centers, opera
Global City: Key indicators

Economic Political Cultural Industrial

Significant Large Influential Advanced

financial metropolitan media communicatio
capacity/outpu area produced ns
t: city/regional
GDP
Global City: Key indicators

Economic Political Cultural Industrial

Cost of living Quality of life Educational Skyscrapers

standards institutions

Personal Personal
Expat Tourism
wealth wealth
communities
Top 10 World’s Largest Global
Cities (Innovation Cities™ Index
1. New York 7. Chicago
2019)
2. Tokyo 8. Boston
3. London 9. San
4. Los Angeles Francisco
5. Singapore 10.Toronto
6. Paris
World’s Best Known Global
Cities
New York The best city for business exercises and human capital.

Paris Beats the best urban areas for data trade.

London The best city for social affair.

Washington D.C. The best city for political commitment.

Hong Kong Gloats of being a worldwide pioneer in airship cargo.

Brussels Brags of being the best place to set up an international safe haven.
Reasons of Increase in Global
Cities
The increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of
economies and the centralization of mass production within
urban centers. The two factors have led to the emergence of
networks of activities that seek to fulfill the service and financial
requirements of multinationals. The cities grow to become global
while other suffer deindustrialization or stagnation of their
economies.
Criticisms of Global Cities
Even though they play important roles in the world economy,
global cities have been seen as a threat to state-centric
perspectives. These cities are often criticized for focusing on
connections with other global cities while ignoring other cities
within their own country. In many ways, they are more closely
linked to the international economy (outside world) than to
their own domestic economy.

Although they are interconnected and interdependent, global

cities are always in a competitive state. The cities of New York
and London have been trying to outwit each other as the global
financial centers.

Local governments have been keen to promote the global cities

within their territories as either economic or cultural centers, or
sites of innovation (Kiprop, 2017)
Cities as Engines of
Globalization
It is in cities that global operations are centralized and where we
can see most clearly the phenomena associated with their
activities, whether it be changes in the structure of
employment, the formation of powerful partnerships, the
development of monumental real estate, the emergence of new
forms of local governance, the effects of organized crime, the
expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of informal
networks or the spatial isolation and social exclusion of certain
population groups (Vleit, 2001).
Cities as Engines of
Globalization
The characteristics of cities and their surrounding regions, in
turn, help shape globalization, for example by providing a
suitable labor force, making available the required physical and
technological infrastructure, creating a stable and
accommodating regulatory environment, offering the bundle of
necessary support services, contributing financial incentive s
and possessing the institutional capacity without which
globalization cannot occur.

Thus, cities mediate the reciprocal relationships between

economic globalization on the one hand and human
development on the other. They form an important link in
processes of globalization and their implications for human
development (Vleit, 2001).
Globalizing Cities: Challenges
The characteristics of cities and their surrounding regions, in
turn, help shape globalization, for example by providing a
suitable labor force, making available the required physical and
technological infrastructure, creating a stable and
accommodating regulatory environment, offering the bundle of
necessary support services, contributing financial incentive s
and possessing the institutional capacity without which
globalization cannot occur.

Thus, cities mediate the reciprocal relationships between

economic globalization on the one hand and human
development on the other. They form an important link in
processes of globalization and their implications for human
development (Vleit, 2001).
Global Population and
Mobility
Lesson 2:
Global
Demography
Presented by:
Laab, Angelica
Megano, Kyna
Patricio, Lea
What is Demography?
The scientific study of human populations.

Primarily its size, structure, development, territorial distribution,

composition, changes over time, and components of such
changes, which can be:
○ Natality (birth rate)
○ Mortality (death rate)
○ Territorial movement (migration)
○ Social mobility (change of status)
Demographic Transition Theory
A theory that describes and explains the movement of birth rates,
death rates, and population growth (Cohen, 1995).

This theory suggests that every country passes through three

different stages of population growth.
First stage
• high birth & high death rate = Growth rate is low

Second stage
• stable birth rate & rapid decrease in death rate = Growth rate
increases rapidly

Third stage
• falling birth rate that tends to equal the death rate = Growth
rate is very slow
Demographic Transition Theory
FIRST STAGE where high birth & high death rate = Growth rate is low:
• People mostly live in rural areas.
• Main occupation is agriculture-based.
• There are a few simple, light and small consumer goods businesses.
• The tertiary sector is underdeveloped.
• Low income and poverty prevail.
• High illiteracy rates.

Why high birth rate?

• A large family is seen as necessary to help increase the family's low
income.
• Children are an asset to society and parents.
• Children are regarded as insurance against old age by their parents.
• People being ignorant, illiterate, superstitious, and fatalist are close-
minded to any methods of birth control.
• Children are regarded as God-given and destined.
• Being childless is regarded as a curse.
Demographic Transition Theory
FIRST STAGE where high birth & high death rate = Growth rate is low:

Why high death rate?

• Due to non-nutritional food with low caloric value.
• Lack of medical facilities.
• Lack of cleanliness.
• People are disease-ridden.
Demographic Transition Theory
SECOND STAGE where stable birth rate & rapid decrease in death
rate = rapid increase in growth rate:

• Increased agricultural and industrial productivity.

• Progress in transportation.
• Greater labor mobility.
• Increased life expectancy.

What causes birth rate stability?

• People are not leaning to decrease the birth of children because
of the growing economy and employment opportunities, which
allow children to augment more to the family income.

• Couples don’t try to limit family size because of religious beliefs

and social taboos against family planning. Even with the
economic development, it’s hard to break free from old
traditions, customs, and beliefs, so the birth rate stays stable.
Demographic Transition Theory
SECOND STAGE where stable birth rate & rapid decrease in death
rate = rapid increase in growth rate:

What brought down death rate?

• Education have developed.
• Incomes rise.
• More and better quality food products.
• Advanced medical and health facility.
Demographic Transition Theory
THIRD STAGE where falling birth rate tends to equal the death rate =
decline in population growth:

• As the economy grows, people earn more than the bare minimum,
allowing them to improve their standard of living.
• The top growing sectors lead to a greater output in other sectors
through technical transformations.
• Education expands and leads to enlightenment and knowledge.

Why birth rate fall?

• People reject customs, creeds, develop own spirit.
• People break with joint family.
• Delayed marriage is a norm.
• Decline in the desire to have more children to complement parental
income.
• People accepts family planning methods.
• Increased growing income levels that induces job commitment.
 A dire
prediction
In 1798, English economist Thomas Robert
Malthus made a dire prediction that the
population would outpace the food supply,
leading to mass starvation.

Here’s the reason behind it…

Malthusian Theory of Population
1. Thomas Malthus theorized that populations grew in
geometric progression. This progression is a sequence of
numbers where each term is found by multiplying the previous
term by a fixed, non-zero number called common ratio.

27
Common ratio = 3
Malthusian Theory of Population
2. Food production increases in arithmetic progression. A
sequence of numbers where the difference between the
consecutive terms is constant.

Common difference = 3
Malthusian Theory of Population

How population’s predicted growth differs from food supply’s

Sample visual (not the real data)

Malthusian Theory of Population
With these two progressions in mind, he suggested that population
could be controlled through preventative and positive checks to
keep it in balance with the available food supply.

Positive Checks (Natural Checks)

• Natural forces will correct the disparity between food supply and
population growth (i.e. natural and man-made disasters).

Preventative Checks
• Using preventative methods (e.g. family planning, late
marriages, celibacy).
 What
happened?
Thankfully, the prediction didn’t come
to pass. Primarily because of
advancements in agricultural technology
that boosted food production.
Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory of
Population
1. Population Growth
o The forecast place forward by Malthus have not
manifested. Unaligned with what he predicted, in
Western Europe, populations have grown (but not at
the rate Malthus predicted) and food manufacture has
also risen because of technological developments.

2. Food Production
o Due to technological innovations, food production has
dramatically improved over the past century, allowing
fewer people to produce significantly more food. In the
1930s, around 25% of the U.S. workforce was involved in
agriculture, yet the overall economy was much smaller
(less than $100 billion). Today, with less than 2% of the
population working in agriculture, the U.S. produces more
food than ever, and the economy has expanded to over
$14 trillion.
Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory of
Population
3. Global Trade
o Malthus’ theory on food production restrictions was
largely grounded on the inadequate availability of land.
Though, because of globalization people can trade good
and services for food, which rises the volume of food a
country can consume.

4. Calculations
o Malthus did not deliver calculations for the geometric
growth of populations and the arithmetic growth of food
supply. Since then, experts have pointed out that the
growth rates are not consistent with Malthus’ predictions.
Global Urbanization Trend
By the year 2030, population in global cities would reach 50 billion,
which is 60 percent of the 83 billion world population.

60%

This means that localities all over the world are all leading
towards urbanization.
National Urbanization Trend
In 2020, 58.93 million or 54.0 percent of the total 109.03 million
population of the Philippines lived in urban barangays. This is 2.8
percent higher than the 51.2 percent level of urbanization in 2015.

54%

This means that more Filipinos prefer to live in urban

communities (PSA, 2022)
Urban Population and Level of Urbanization by
Region
Urban Population Level of Urbanization
Region
2007 2010 2007 2010

Philippines 37,579,591 41,855,571 42.4 45.3

NCR 11,566,325 11,855,975 100.0 100.0
CAR 298,138 424,771 19.6 26.3
Region I - Ilocos Region 520,071 600,945 11.4 12.7
Region II – Cagayan Valley 268,478 373,407 8.81 11.6
Region III – Central Luzon 4,685,251 5,232,569 48.3 51.6
Region IV-A - CALABARZON 6,404,376 7,526,882 54.5 59.7
Region IV-B-MIMAROPA 465,040 612,615 18.2 22.3
Region V-Bicol Region 647,814 831,380 12.7 15.3
Region VI - Western Visayas 2,205,530 2,466,109 32.2 34.7
Region VII-Central Visayas 2,556,309 2,969,340 39.9 43.7
Region VIII-Eastern Visayas 222,692 358,405 5.7 8.7
Urban Population and Level of Urbanization by
Region Urban Population Level of Urbanization
Region
2007 2010 2007 2010

Region IX-Zamboanga Peninsula 1,026,456 1,156,754 31.8 33.9

Region X-Northern Mindanao 1,512,087 1,773,032 38.3 41.3
Region XI-Davao Region 2,254,933 2,649,039 54.2 59.3
Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN 1,645,509 1,911,253 43.0 46.5
ARMM 731,183 446,246 17.7 13.7
Caraga 569,399 666,849 24.8 27.5
Effects to Global Population
• An increased level of trade provides people an incentive to
have fewer children.

• As births fall people are able to devote more time to

acquiring human capital and pursuing other productive
activities. Prosperity increases as people have less children.

• Lower birth rates reduce the potential for social tensions,

both internally and externally, by decreasing the strain on
resources and the larger youth population that often drives
conflict.

• The rapid growth of populations in the poorest countries

hinders economic development, condemns children in poor
countries to continued poverty, and threatens global
political stability.
Effects to Global Population
To alleviate the issue, providing developing countries access to
international markets is one way to relieve population pressures
and promote development.
Global Population and
Mobility
Lesson 3:
Global
Migration
Presented by:
Pajilan, Aaron
Manzano, Mark
Francisco, Carl
What is Migration?

• In humans, migration refers to the movement of individuals

from one place onto the next because of specific
components and expectations to settling permanently or
temporarily in new vicinity.
• Usually over long distances.
Concepts of Migration
Migration. A change of residence that involves a complete
change and readjustment of community affiliations.
Movement. A change of residence while retaining same jobs,
social relationship, and community ties.

International Migration:
1. Emigration. Leaving one’s own country to settle
permanently abroad.
2. Immigration. Coming to live permanently in a foreign
country.

Internal Migration:
3. Residential Mobility. The change of residence within the
same national boundaries.
4. Migration streams. Consists of migrants who depart from a
common area of origin and arrive at a common area of
destination.
Concepts of Migration

Internal Migration:
3. Migration by Stage. A series of less drastic movement from
village to city.
4. Migration Interval. The time reference of the migration
process.
5. Gross Migration. The sum of arrivals and departures in a
given area.
6. Stream Movement. Refers to a group of migrants who
come from a common area of origin and go to a common
area of destination at a certain period of time.
7. Forced Migration. Brought about by complex
humanitarian emergencies (i.e. war, ethnic cleansing,
pandemic).
Migration Selection Process

1. Rural to urban - People often migrate from the countryside

to urban areas seeking better economic opportunities,
education, healthcare, and a higher standard of living. This
type of migration is a key factor in urbanization, leading to
the growth of cities.

2. Selectivity in age and sex

3. Kinship and ethnicity

Why Do People Migrate?

For economic, social, political or environmental reasons.

1. Economic Migration – moving to find employment or

follow a particular career path.

2. Social Migration – moving somewhere for a better quality

of life or to be closer to family or friends.

3. Political Migration – moving to escape political

persecution or war.

4. Environmental Migration – moving because of natural

disasters such as flood, earthquake, etc.
Push and Pull Factors of Migration
Push factors – the negative reasons why people leave from an area of
origin.
Pull factors – positive reasons why people go to a desired destination
of choice.
Push Factors Pull Factors
Lack of services Higher employment
Lack of safety more wealth
High crime rate Better services
Crop failure Good climate
Drought Safer, less crime
Flooding Political stability
Poverty More fertile land
War Lower risk from natural hazards
Overseas Filipino Workers
Age and Sex of Overseas Filipino Workers (2018)

Number of OFWs (in thousands) 2,299

Type 100.0

Overseas contract workers 96.2

Other OFWs 3.8

Sex 100.0

Male 44.2

Female 55.8
Overseas Filipino Workers
Age and Sex of Overseas Filipino Workers (2018)

Number of OFWs (in thousands) 2,299

Age Group

Both Sexes 100

15 – 24 5.3

25 – 29 20.0

30 – 34 23.7

35 – 39 19.2

40 – 44 14.3

45 – above 17.5
Overseas Filipino Workers
Age and Sex of Overseas Filipino Workers (2018)

Number of OFWs (in thousands) 2,299

Age Group

Male 100

15 – 24 5.3

25 – 29 16.9

30 – 34 22.0

35 – 39 19.3

40 – 44 15.3

45 – above 21.2
Overseas Filipino Workers
Age and Sex of Overseas Filipino Workers (2018)

Number of OFWs (in thousands) 2,299

Age Group

Female 100

15 – 24 5.4

25 – 29 22.4

30 – 34 25.1

35 – 39 19.2

40 – 44 13.4

45 – above 14.5
Thanks
!
Group 5
References
https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/malthusian-theory/

https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/fighting-mal
thuss-prediction-in-the-new-millennium/

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178272#:~:text=The%20report
%20also%20showed%20that,2015%2C%22%20the%20PSA%20a
dded
.