DATABASE

SYSTEMS
WEEK 1 LECTURE 1 & 2
Course Objectives

Guides through
Introduction to
different design
very basics
stages

Emphasis on
Familiarize with
design stages
tools
of database
Lecture Objectives

Some common
Characteristics Problems with
uses of
of file-based file-based
database
systems. approach.
systems.

Meaning of the
term Database Typical
Meaning of the
Management functions of a
term database.
System DBMS.
(DBMS).

Major Personnel
components of involved in the
the DBMS DBMS
environment. environment.
 Textbook

Other
Recommended
textbooks:textbooks:

 There are lots
Database of database
Systems: texts
A practical approach
to
 Most design, implementation and
of them would be fine also
management by Connolly and Begg
For
 example:
Fundamentals of Database Systems
 (7th
‘Database Edition)
Systems’ by CJ Date by Ramez
Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe
 Data are simply facts or figures -
bits of information, but
not information itself.

Data vs. Information

When data are processed,
interpreted, organized, structured or
presented so as to make them
meaningful or useful, they are
called information. Information pr
ovides context for data.
Data vs. Informatio
n
Data vs. Informatio
n
  File processing systems was an
early attempt to computerize
the manual filing system that
we are all familiar with.
 A file system is a method for
Traditional storing and organizing
computer files and the data
File they contain to make it easy to
find and access them.
Systems  File systems may use a storage
device such as a hard disk or
CD-ROM and involve
maintaining the physical
location of the files.
  The manual filing system works
well when the number of items
to be stored is small.
 It even works quite adequately
Traditional when there are large numbers
of items and we have only to
File store and retrieve them.

Systems  However, the manual filing

system breaks down when we
must cross-reference or
process the information in the
files.
 Characteristics of File
Processing System

It is a group of files storing data of an organization.

Each file is independent from one another.

Each file is called a flat file.

Each file contained and processed information for one specific function, such as
accounting or inventory.

Files are designed by using programs written in programming languages such as C, C++.

As systems became more complex, file processing systems offered little flexibility,
presented many limitations, and were difficult to maintain.
 1
2
File Processing System

Library Examination Registration

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number

Name Name Name

Father Name Address Father Name

Books Issued Class Phone

Fine Semester Address

Grade Class

Duplication of Data
Vulnerable to Inconsistency

Lahore Garrison University

  Separated and Isolated
Data: To decide, a user might
need data from two separate
files. First, the files were
Problems evaluated by analysts and
programmers to determine the
With the specific data required from
each file and the relationships
File between the data and then
applications could be written in
System a programming language to
process and extract the needed
data. Imagine the work
involved if data from several
files was needed.
Problems With the File
System

Duplication of data: Often the same information is stored

in more than one file. Uncontrolled duplication of data is not
required for several reasons, such as:

Duplication is wasteful. It costs time and money to enter the

data more than once

It takes up additional storage space, again with associated

costs.
 File Based Systems
(Summary)

 File based systems

Problems:
 Data
No is stored in files
standards
 Each duplication
Data file has a specific format
 Programs
Data that use these files depend on
dependence
 knowledge about that format
No way to generate ad hoc queries
 No provision for security, recovery,
concurrency, etc.
  Databases are useful
 Many computing applications
deal with large amounts of
Why Study information

Databases?  Database systems give a set of

tools for storing, searching and
managing this information
What is a Database?

“A set of information held in a

computer”
• Oxford English Dictionary

“A collection of data
arranged for ease and speed
of search and retrieval”
• Dictionary.com
 1
Databases - 8
Introduction

 Database Def-1
 A database is a shared collection of logically related
data that is stored to meet the requirements of
different users of an organization
 Database Def-2
 A database is a self-describing collection of
integrated records
 Database Def-3
 A database models a particular real world system in
the computer in the form of data

Lahore Garrison University

 1
9
Databases - Introduction

 Database approach
 Database Management System (DBMS): a general-purpose
software system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various
users and applications.
 Database: a collection of related data managed by a DBMS
 Data: known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit
meaning
 Database system = the database + DBMS software
 DBMS provides facilities for querying, data security, and integrity
and concurrent control
 Database application - set of programs that use DBMS to perform
a particular business function

Lahore Garrison University

 2
The concept of a shared 0
organizational database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
 Databases


 Train timetables
Library catalogues

 Airline bookings
Medical records

 Credit card details
Bank accounts

 Student records
Stock control
 Customer histories
 Personnel systems
 Stock market prices
 Product catalogues
 Discussion boards
 Telephone
 and so on… directories
 Database Systems

 A database
Database systems
systemallow
consists
users
of to
 Data (the database)
Store
 Software
Update
 Hardware
Retrieve
 Users
Organise
 Protect
 We focus mainly on the software
their data.
 Database Users

 End users Administrator (DBA)

Database
 Designs & manages
Use the database the database
system system
to achieve some
 goal
Database systems programmer
 Application developers
 Writes the database software itself
 Write software to allow end users to
interface with the database system
 Database Management
Systems

 Examples:
A database is a collection of
information
 Oracle

 Adatabase
DB2 (IBM) management system
(DBMS)
 MS SQLisServer
the software which controls
that
 MSinformation
Access
 Ingres
 PostgreSQL
 MySQL
 What the DBMS does

 Provides
DBMS provides
users with

 Data
Persistence
definition language (DDL)

 Data
Concurrency
manipulation language (DML)

 Data
Integrity
control language (DCL)
  Security
Often these are all the same language
 Data independence
 Data Dictionary
 Describes the database itself
 Data Dictionary -
Metadata

 The dictionary holds

or catalogue stores
information about
 Descriptions the database
of database itself
objects (tables,
 users,
This rules,about
is data views,data
indexes,…)
or ‘metadata’
 Information about who is using which data
 Almost every aspect of the DBMS uses
(locks)
the

dictionary
Schemas and mappings
 Relational Systems

 The relational
Information is model
stored as
covers
tuples
3 areas:
or
records in relations or tables
 Data structure

 There
 Datais a sound
integrity mathematical theory
of
 relations
Data manipulation
 Most
 More modern
details inDBMS are based
the next on the
lecture…
relational model
 Next Lecture

 Database Management System in detail

 Importance of database design.
 Database system basic structures.