DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Course Name: Database Management System

Characteristics of DBMS
 Provides security and removes redundancy
 Self-describing nature of a database system
 Insulation between programs and data abstraction
 Support of multiple views of the data
 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
 DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.
 It follows the ACID concept (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability).
 DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and
manipulate data in parallel.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Advantages of DBMS
 Controlling Data Redundancy: Data is recorded in only one place in the
database and it is not duplicated.
 Data Consistency: Data item appears only once, and the updated value is
immediately available to all users.
 Control Over Concurrency: In a computer file-based system in updating,
one may overwrite the values recorded by the other.
 Backup and Recovery Procedures: automatically create the backup of
data and restore data if required.
 Data Independence: Separation of data structure of database from
application program that uses the data is called data independence.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Disadvantages of DBMS
 Cost of Hardware and Software: Processor with high speed of data
processing and memory of large size is required.
 Cost of Data Conversion: Very difficult and costly method to convert data
of data file into database.
 Cost of Staff Training: A lot of amount for the training of staff to run the
DBMS.
 Appointing Technical Staff: Trained technical persons such as database
administrator, application programmers, data entry operators etc. are
required to handle the DBMS.
 Database Damage: All data is integrated into a single database. If
database is damaged due to electric failure or database is corrupted on the
storage media, then your valuable data may be lost forever.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
File Processing System (FPS)
 Earlier, computers are used for the scientific purpose.
 Later, computers are used for the commercial applications.
 In commercial application calculation or computation are not involved at a
large scale. Only data processing (read data from different devices, store
data after minor calculation output can be displayed on monitor or paper in
a proper format).
 Commercial applications introduced FPS.
 FPS is a collection of programs that perform services.
 File processing systems was an early attempt to computerize the manual
filing system that we are all familiar with.
 A file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the
data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.
 File systems may use a storage device such as a hard disk or CD-ROM and
involve maintaining the physical location of the files.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
File Processing System (FPS)
 Consider a university system as depicted below.
 Different system maintain their own database separately and they have
their own program to process the data that is program and data
independence

Figure 1: Traditional File Storage System of University Database

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Characteristics of FPS
 It is a group of files storing data of an organization.
 Each file is independent from one another.
 Each file is called a flat file.
 Each file contained and processed information for one specific function,
such as accounting or inventory.
 Files are designed by using programs written in programming languages
such as C, C++, etc.
 The physical implementation and access procedures are written into
database application; therefore, physical changes resulted in intensive
rework on the part of the programmer.
 As systems became more complex, file processing systems offered little
flexibility, presented many limitations, and were difficult to maintain.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Limitations of FPS
 Separated and Isolated Data: To make a decision, a user might need data
from two separate files.
 Duplication of data: Often the same information is stored in more than
one file. It leads to loss of data integrity.
 Data Dependence: Files and records were described by specific physical
formats that were coded into the application program by programmers. If
the format of a certain record was changed, the code in each file containing
that format must be updated. Let us consider a student file, where
information of students is stored in text file and each field is separated by
blank space such as I Rama 22 India
Now, if the delimiter of the field changes from blank space to semicolon
such as 1; Rama; 22; India
Then, the application programs using this file must be modified, because
now it will token the field on semicolon; but earlier it was blank space.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System

References:
 Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth and S. Sudarshan- “Database System
Concepts”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamental Database Systems”,
Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
 Raghu Ramakrishnan, “Database Management System”, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, 2003.
 www.slideshare.net
 Coursera - https://www.coursera.org/learn/database-management
 NPTEL- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105175/
 https://www.coursera.org/learn/research-methods
 https://www.coursera.org/browse/physical-science-and-engineering/research-
methods
30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar