Database System Concepts and Architecture

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Course Name: Database Management System
Outline

 Data Models and Their Categories

 History of Data Models
 Schemas, Instances, and States
 Three-Schema Architecture
 Data Independence
 DBMS Languages and Interfaces
 Database System Utilities and Tools
 Centralized and Client-Server Architectures
 Classification of DBMSs

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Data Models

 Data Model:
 A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, the
operations for manipulating these structures, and certain
constraints that the database should obey.
 Data Model Structure and Constraints:
 Constructs are used to define the database structure
 Constructs typically include elements (and their data types)
as well as groups of elements (e.g. entity, record, table),
and relationships among such groups
 Constraints specify some restrictions on valid data; these
constraints must be enforced at all times

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Data Models (continued)

 Data Model Operations:

 These operations are used for specifying database retrievals and updates
by referring to the constructs of the data model.
 Operations on the data model may include basic model operations (e.g.
generic insert, delete, update) and user-defined operations (e.g.
compute_student_gpa, update_inventory)

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System

Categories of Data Models

 Conceptual (high-level, semantic) data models:
 Provide concepts that are close to the way many users
perceive data.
 (Also called entity-based or object-based data models.)

 Physical (low-level, internal) data models:

 Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in
the computer. These are usually specified in an ad-hoc manner
through DBMS design and administration manuals
 Implementation (representational) data models:
 Provide concepts that fall between the above two, used by
many commercial DBMS implementations (e.g. relational data
models used in many commercial systems).

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Schemas versus Instances

 Database Schema:
 The description of a database.
 Includes descriptions of the database structure, data types, and the
constraints on the database.
 Schema Diagram:
 An illustrative display of (most aspects of) a database schema.
 Schema Construct:
 A component of the schema or an object within the schema, e.g.,
STUDENT, COURSE.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System

Schemas versus Instances

 Database State:
 The actual data stored in a database at a particular moment in time.
This includes the collection of all the data in the database.
 Also called database instance (or occurrence or snapshot).
 The term instance is also applied to individual database components, e.g.
record instance, table instance, entity instance

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System

Database Schema vs. Database State

 Database State:
 Refers to the content of a database at a moment in time.
 Initial Database State:
 Refers to the database state when it is initially loaded into the system.
 Valid State:
 A state that satisfies the structure and constraints of the database.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Database Schema vs. Database State
(continued)
 Distinction
 The database schema changes very infrequently.
 The database state changes every time the database is updated.

 Schema is also called intension.

 State is also called extension.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Example of a Database Schema

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Example of a database state

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Three-Schema Architecture

 Proposed to support DBMS characteristics of:

 Program-data independence.
 Support of multiple views of the data.
 Not explicitly used in commercial DBMS products, but has been useful
in explaining database system organization

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Three-Schema Architecture

 Defines DBMS schemas at three levels:

 Internal schema at the internal level to describe physical
storage structures and access paths (e.g indexes).
 Typically uses a physical data model.

 Conceptual schema at the conceptual level to describe

the structure and constraints for the whole database for a
community of users.
 Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model.

 External schemas at the external level to describe the

various user views.
 Usually uses the same data model as the conceptual schema.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
The three-schema architecture

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Three-Schema Architecture

 Mappings among schema levels are needed to transform requests

and data.
 Programs refer to an external schema, and are mapped by the DBMS to
the internal schema for execution.
 Data extracted from the internal DBMS level is reformatted to match the
user’s external view (e.g. formatting the results of an SQL query for display
in a Web page)

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Data Independence

 Logical Data Independence:

 The capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to change
the external schemas and their associated application programs.
 Physical Data Independence:
 The capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the
conceptual schema.
 For example, the internal schema may be changed when certain file
structures are reorganized or new indexes are created to improve
database performance

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
Data Independence (continued)

 When a schema at a lower level is changed, only the mappings

between this schema and higher-level schemas need to be changed
in a DBMS that fully supports data independence.
 The higher-level schemas themselves are unchanged.
 Hence, the application programs need not be changed since they refer to
the external schemas.

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System
DBMS Languages

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 High-Level or Non-procedural Languages: These include the relational
language SQL
 May be used in a standalone way or may be embedded in a programming
language
 Low Level or Procedural Languages:
 These must be embedded in a programming language

30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Course Name: Database Management System

References:
 Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth and S. Sudarshan- “Database System
Concepts”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamental Database Systems”,
Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
 Raghu Ramakrishnan, “Database Management System”, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, 2003.
 www.slideshare.net
 Coursera - https://www.coursera.org/learn/database-management
 NPTEL- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105175/
 https://www.coursera.org/learn/research-methods
 https://www.coursera.org/browse/physical-science-and-engineering/research-
methods
30.05.2021 Prof. Vishal Bhatnagar