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Runge's Approximation Theorem

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159 views18 pages

Runge's Approximation Theorem

Uploaded by

Jodie Cabrera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Understanding Runge's Approximation Theorem

Introduction to Runge's
Theorem

● Welcome to our discussion on Runge's


Approximation Theorem.
● This theorem is a key concept in complex
analysis.
● It relates to approximating holomorphic
functions using rational functions.
Background: Weierstrass
Approximation Theorem

● The Weierstrass Approximation Theorem


states that:
● If f is a continuous function on a compact
set K,
● Then f can be approximated by
polynomials uniformly.
● This theorem serves as the foundation for
Runge's theorem.
Runge's Approximation Theorem Explained

● Runge's theorem states:


● If K is a compact subset of complex numbers,
● And f is holomorphic on an open set containing K,
● Then f can be approximated uniformly by rational functions.
Understanding Uniform
Approximation

● Uniform approximation means:


● For any ε > 0, there exists a rational
function p such that:
● |f(z) - p(z)| < ε for all z in K.
● This ensures that the approximation holds
uniformly across the set.
Visualizing the Theorem

● Imagine a compact set K represented as a


green blob.
● Rational functions can be used to
approximate f.
● Singularities of these rational functions
must lie outside K.
Additional Conditions of Runge's Theorem

● If A is a set containing at least one point from each bounded


connected component of the complement of K:
● Then f can still be approximated uniformly by rational functions.
● This allows for more flexibility in choosing singularities.
Corollary of Runge's
Theorem

● If the complement of K is connected:


● Then f can be approximated uniformly by
polynomials.
● This is because there are no singularities
within the bounded region.
Importance of Compact
Sets

● Compact sets are bounded and closed.


● This property is crucial for the application
of both Weierstrass and Runge's
theorems.
● It ensures that the approximations are valid
within a finite region.
Proof Overview of Runge's Theorem

● The proof involves:


● Using Cauchy's integral formula.
● Establishing uniform continuity on compact sets.
● Showing that rational functions can approximate holomorphic
functions.
Cauchy's Integral Formula

● Cauchy's integral formula states:


● f(z) = (1/(2πi)) ∫(f(ζ)/(ζ - z)) dζ over a closed curve.
● This formula is essential for deriving approximations in complex
analysis.
Uniform Continuity in Proof

● Uniform continuity ensures:


● For any ε > 0, a δ > 0 exists such that:
● If |t1 - t2| < δ, then |f(t1) - f(t2)| < ε.
● This property is vital for establishing convergence in the proof.
Approximating with
Rational Functions

● Each linear segment of the curve can be


approximated by rational functions.
● The sum of these rational functions leads
to an overall approximation of f.
● This demonstrates the power of rational
functions in complex analysis.
Conclusion of Runge's
Theorem

● Runge's theorem provides a powerful tool


for approximating holomorphic functions.
● It extends the ideas of polynomial
approximation to rational functions.
● Understanding this theorem is crucial for
advanced studies in complex analysis.
Applications of Runge's Theorem

● Runge's theorem has applications in:


● Control theory.
● Signal processing.
● Numerical analysis.
● It helps in designing systems that require function
approximation.
Engaging Questions

● How can we visualize the concept of


singularities in Runge's theorem?
● What are some real-world applications of
rational function approximations?
● Can you think of a function that might not
be approximated by polynomials?
Further Reading

● Explore more about:


● Complex analysis textbooks.
● Research papers on approximation
theorems.
● Online resources and lectures on
holomorphic functions.
Thank You!

● Thank you for your attention!


● I hope you gained a better understanding of Runge's
Approximation Theorem.
● Good luck with your studies in mathematics!

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