Ethio-Italy polytechnic College

ICT Departments
HARDWARE AND NETWORKING
SERVICE LEVEL- III

MODULE TITLE: - Installing and managing

Network Protocols

Prepared By Lusi.A
 Unit One
Network protocols
 Introduction to network protocols
 A Network is like a digital community where computers
and other devices are connected to each other, allowing
them to communicate and share information.
Sharing of resource: - Networks allow us to share things like
files, printers, and internet connections. It is like sharing
toys or books with friends.
Communication: - Computers on a network can send
messages to each other. It is similar to sending notes or
messages to friends in your school
Collaboration: - People can work together on projects even if
they are not in the same place. It is like doing a group
project with friends from different classrooms.
 A protocol is like a set of rules or instructions that everyone
follows to make sure things work smoothly.

 Network protocols are a set of rules and conventions that

govern how data is transmitted, received, and processed in a
computer network.

• These protocols enable communication between devices by

defining the format and sequencing of data exchanged
between them.
• The use of standardized protocols ensures interoperability
and seamless communication across diverse hardware and
software platforms.
Network Protocols are a set of rules governing
exchange of information in an easy, reliable and
secure way. In order for two computers to talk to
each other, they must be speaking the same
language.
  Communication standard

• Network protocols serve as communication standards,

establishing a common language for devices to exchange
information. These standards define how data is formatted,
transmitted, and interpreted by devices in a network.

Protocol stack
• Network protocols are often organized into a layered
structure known as a protocol stack. The most well-known
reference model for this is the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model, which consists of seven layers, each
addressing specific aspects of network communication.
 Network protocol
• A network protocol is a standardized set of rules that
allows devices on a network to communicate efficiently.
These rules cover how data is formatted, transmitted,
received, and how devices identify and address each
other.
• Network protocols ensure that devices worldwide can
understand and interpret data consistently. Each protocol
serves a specific purpose, and understanding their
applications can help in designing and troubleshooting
network systems
Here are some common network protocols and their
applications:
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
Application: Web browsing, email, file transfer.
Description: Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked
delivery of data. Used for applications where accurate
and complete data transmission is crucial.
2. Internet Protocol (IP):
Application: Routing and addressing data packets on the
internet.
Description: Responsible for addressing and routing data
packets between devices on a network. IP is fundamental
for internet communication.
3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
 Application: Web browsing.
 Description: Facilitates the transfer of hypertext (web pages)
between a web server and a web browser. The foundation of data
communication on the World Wide Web.
4. File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
 Application: File transfer between computers.
 Description: Enables the transfer of files between a local and
remote computer. Commonly used for website maintenance and
data sharing.
5. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Post Office
Protocol (POP3)/Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP):
 Application: Email communication.
 Description: SMTP is used for sending emails, while POP3 and
IMAP are used for receiving emails. These protocols work together
6) Domain Name System (DNS):
 Application: Resolving domain names to IP addresses.
 Description: Translates human-readable domain names
(e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers
use to identify each other on the internet.
7) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):
 Application: Automatic IP address assignment.
 Description: Dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices on
a network, making it easier to manage and configure large
networks.
8) Secure Shell (SSH) and Telnet:
 Application: Remote command-line access to servers.
 Description: SSH provides secure, encrypted
communication for accessing and managing remote servers,
9) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP):
 Application: Network management and monitoring.
 Description: Facilitates the exchange of management
information between network devices, allowing
administrators to monitor and manage network
performance.

10) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS):

 Application: Secure web browsing.
 Description: An extension of HTTP with added security
features using SSL/TLS encryption, ensuring secure
communication for online transactions and sensitive data.
Figure 1. 1 Network protocol
 Manage appropriate network protocol service

 Managing network protocol services involves

overseeing the configuration, monitoring, and
maintenance of the protocols that enable
communication and data transfer within a network.
To manage the service of network protocol we use
select, test and validate appropriate network protocol
service
 Select network protocol service
 Selecting an appropriate network protocol service depends
on the specific requirements and goals of your network.
Here are some common scenarios along with corresponding
network protocol services:

1. Web Browsing:
• Appropriate Protocol: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
or its secure counterpart HTTPS.
• Description: HTTP is used for standard web browsing,
while HTTPS adds a layer of security with encrypted
communication.
2. Secure Remote Access:
• Appropriate Protocol: Secure Shell (SSH) or Virtual Private
Network (VPN) protocols.
• Description: SSH provides secure command-line access,
while VPNs enable secure access to a private network over
the internet.

3) File Transfer:
• Appropriate Protocol: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
• Description: FTP is suitable for basic file transfers, while
SFTP adds encryption for enhanced security.
4. Email Communication:
• Appropriate Protocol: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP) for sending emails, and Post Office Protocol
(POP3) or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) for
receiving emails.
• Description: SMTP is used to send emails, while POP3 and
IMAP retrieve emails from a server.

5. Network Management:
• Appropriate Protocol: Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP).
• Description: SNMP facilitates the exchange of management
information between network devices, allowing for
monitoring and control.
6. Dynamic IP Address Assignment:
 Appropriate Protocol: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP).
 Description: DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices
on a network, simplifying network configuration.
7. Web Security:
 Appropriate Protocol: HTTPS (SSL/TLS).
 Description: HTTPS ensures secure communication between a web
browser and a server, crucial for online transactions and sensitive
data.
8. Real-Time Communication:
 Appropriate Protocol: Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) for
audio and video streaming.
 Description: RTP is commonly used for real-time communication,
such as VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and video conferencing.
9. Domain Name Resolution:
Appropriate Protocol: Domain Name System (DNS).
Description: DNS translates human-readable domain
names into IP addresses, facilitating internet navigation.

10. Remote System Management:

Appropriate Protocol: Intelligent Platform Management
Interface (IPMI) or Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP).
Description: IPMI provides remote management
capabilities for servers, while RDP allows remote access
to desktop environments.
11. Database Connectivity:
Appropriate Protocol: Structured Query Language
(SQL) protocols like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Microsoft
SQL Server protocols.
Description: Each database system often has its own
protocol for communication between client applications
and database servers.

12. Collaboration and Messaging:

Appropriate Protocol: Extensible Messaging and
Presence Protocol (XMPP) for instant messaging.
Description: XMPP is commonly used for real-time
communication and collaboration in messaging
 Test network protocol service
• Testing network protocol services is a crucial step to
ensure that they operate as intended, meet
performance expectations, and are secure. Below are
key steps and considerations for testing an
appropriate network protocol service:
1. Functionality Testing:
• Objective: Verify that the protocol service performs its
intended functions.
• Activities:- Perform basic operations and transactions
using the protocol. Test different features and
functionalities provided by the protocol.

2. Performance Testing:
• Objective: Assess the speed, responsiveness, and
efficiency of the protocol service.
• Activities:-Measure data transfer rates under varying
network conditions. Test the protocol's performance
under heavy loads and high traffic.
3. Security Testing:
• Objective: Identify and address potential security vulnerabilities
in the protocol service.
• Activities:-Conduct penetration testing to uncover potential
weaknesses. Verify that encryption mechanisms (e.g., SSL/TLS)
are implemented correctly.

4. Compatibility Testing:
• Objective: Ensure that the protocol service is compatible with
different devices, platforms, and software applications.
• Activities:-Test the protocol across various operating systems
and devices. Verify interoperability with different versions of the
protocol.
5. Reliability and Stability Testing:
• Objective: Assess the reliability and stability of the protocol
service under normal and stressful conditions.
• Activities:-Conduct stress testing to simulate heavy usage
and monitor the protocol's behavior. Evaluate how the
protocol handles unexpected events or errors.

6. Scalability Testing:
• Objective: Evaluate the ability of the protocol service to
scale with the growth of the network.
• Activities:-Test the protocol's performance as the number of
users or devices increases. Assess how well the protocol
handles additional network nodes.
7. Usability Testing:
• Objective: Assess the user-friendliness and ease of use of
the protocol service.
• Activities:- Gather feedback from end-users regarding their
experience with the protocol. Identify and address any
usability issues or user interface concerns.

8. Error Handling and Recovery Testing:

• Objective: Verify how well the protocol service handles
errors and recovers from failures.
• Activities:- Intentionally induce errors and observe the
protocol's response. Test the recovery mechanisms to ensure
minimal disruption.
9. Interoperability Testing:
• Objective: Confirm that the protocol service works
seamlessly with other protocols and network devices.
• Activities:- Test the protocol's compatibility with devices
from different vendors. Verify integration with other
network services.

10. Documentation Verification:

• Objective: Confirm that the documentation accurately
reflects the protocol service's features and configurations.
• Activities:-Review the official documentation for
completeness and accuracy. Ensure that configuration steps
align with the actual behavior of the protocol.
 Validate network protocol service
• Validating an appropriate network protocol
service involves ensuring that the service meets
the intended requirements, operates effectively,
and complies with relevant standards. Here's a
step-by-step guide for validating a network
protocol service:
1, Review Requirements:
• Objective: Confirm that the network protocol service aligns
with the specified requirements.
• Activities: - Refer to the initial project or network requirements
documentation.
• Verify that the chosen protocol addresses the identified needs.

2, Check Standards Compliance:

• Objective: Ensure that the network protocol service complies
with industry standards and specifications.
• Activities: - Refer to relevant standards documents.
• Confirm that the protocol adheres to protocols and conventions
outlined in industry specifications.
3. Functional Validation:
• Objective: Confirm that the protocol service performs its
intended functions.
• Activities:- Execute test cases based on functional
requirements. Verify that the protocol service meets
expectations for data transfer, addressing, and other
functionalities.
4. Performance Validation:
• Objective: Assess the performance of the protocol service
under various conditions.
• Activities:- Measure data transfer rates, latency, and
throughput. Evaluate performance under both normal and
peak load scenarios.
5. Security Validation:
• Objective: Confirm that the protocol service implements
necessary security measures.
• Activities:-Verify the use of encryption mechanisms (e.g.,
SSL/TLS). Conduct security testing to identify and address
potential vulnerabilities.
6. Compatibility and Interoperability Testing:
• Objective: Ensure that the protocol service works
seamlessly with other protocols and devices.
• Activities:-Test interoperability with devices from different
vendors. Verify compatibility with various operating
systems and network environments.
7. Error Handling Validation:
• Objective: Confirm that the protocol service effectively
handles errors and failures.
• Activities:- Intentionally induce errors and assess the
protocol's response. Verify the effectiveness of error
recovery mechanisms.

8. Scalability Validation:
• Objective: Assess the protocol service's ability to scale with
network growth.
• Activities:- Test performance as the number of users or
devices increases. Evaluate scalability under different
network conditions.
9. Usability Validation:
• Objective: Assess the user-friendliness and ease of use of
the protocol service.
• Activities:- Gather feedback from end-users. Evaluate the
protocol service's user interface and overall user experience.

10. Documentation Verification:

• Objective: Confirm that documentation accurately reflects
the protocol service's features and configurations.
• Activities:- Review official documentation for completeness
and accuracy.
• Ensure that configuration steps align with the actual
behavior of the protocol.
11. Compliance Validation:
• Objective: Verify that the protocol service complies with
industry standards and regulatory requirements.
• Activities:- Conduct audits to ensure adherence to relevant
standards. Confirm compliance with any legal or regulatory
requirements.

12. Feedback and Improvement:

• Objective: Gather feedback from stakeholders and end-
users to identify areas for improvement.
• Activities: - Encourage open communication and feedback.
Use feedback to make necessary adjustments and
improvements.
Design a network address system