ECCE4227: Embedded Systems

Chapter 7

AVR Programming in C
 Topics
 Basic C program
 Data Types
 Accessing I/O registers
 Time Delays
 IO Programming in C
 Logic Operation in C
 Data serialization in C

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 Languages
 High Level Languages
 Easy to develop and
update
 C Language
 Acceptable
performance High Level Languages
(like VB)
 Easy to develop and
C Language
update
 Portable Machine Language
 Low Level Languages
 High performance
 Not portable

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 A simple C program
 Write a program that calculates the sum of
{1,3,…,13,15}

int main ()
{
unsigned int sum = 0;

for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i+=2)

sum += i;

while (1);
return 0;
}

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Basic C program structure

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 Preprocessor
 #include and #define are the preprocessor
directives
 #include: preprocessor inserts the file specified
 Example #include <avr/io.h> is inserted in the place of the
include line (it defines memory addresses and symbolic
labels for CPU and peripheral function register addresses)
 Include files normally store function prototypes and constant
definition
 #define: simple macro substitution or to form
function-like macros
 Example #define MAX 10
 # define INC (x) (x+1) or #define SQR (a) ((a) * (a))

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 Program variables

 A variable is an addressable storage location

 Each variable must be declared to indicate size and
type of information to be stored, plus a name to be
used to reference the information
 int x,y,z; //declares 3 variables of type “int”
 char a,b; //declares 2 variables of type “char”

 Space for variables may be allocated in registers,

RAM, or ROM/Flash (for constants)

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 Data Types

Use unsigned whenever you can
 unsigned char instead of unsigned int if you can

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 Data types (cont.)
 char lng;
long c; c
lng

 int a1;
unsigned int a;
a1 a

Q1.
Q1.What
Whatisisthe
thedifference
differencebetween
betweenint
intand
andunsigned
unsignedint?
int?

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 Variables values
10

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 Data types
 Precautions must be taken:
 Floating point operations minimized whenever
possible.

Expensive in terms of memory usage and
processing power
 Appropriate data types must be used

Example count from 1 to 100, 8 bit long data
type is enough

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 Choosing optimized data type
unsigned int sum; unsigned char sum;

for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i+=2) for (char i = 1; i <= 15; i+=2)
sum += i; sum += i;

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Choosing optimized data type

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 Accessing I/O registers
 Example 1: Write an AVR C program to
send value 0xAA to PORTD.

#include <avr/io.h>

int main ()
{
DDRD = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0xAA;

while (1);
return 0;
}

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 Accessing I/O registers
 Example 2: Write an AVR C program to
calculate PINB + PINC and send the result
to PORTD.
#include <avr/io.h>

int main ()
{
DDRB = 0x00;
DDRC = 0x00;
DDRD = 0xFF;

while (1)
PORTD = PINB + PINC;
return 0;
}

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 Accessing I/O registers
 Example 3: Write an AVR C program that
outputs 0 to 9 continuously on PORTD.
#include <avr/io.h>

int main ()
{
DDRD = 0xFF;// Port D is output

while(1)
for (unsigned char i = 0; i <= 9; i++)
PORTD = i;

return 0;
}

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Accessing I/O registers Examples

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Accessing I/O registers Examples

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Accessing I/O registers Examples

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Accessing I/O registers Examples

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Accessing I/O registers Examples

// read from PINC

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 Time Delays in C

You can use for loop to introduce time delay

void delay(void)
{
unsigned int i;
for(i = 0; i < 42150; i++)
{

}
}

If you use for loop

 The clock frequency can change your delay

duration !
 The compiler has direct effect on delay duration!

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 Time Delays in C

You can use predefined functions of compilers to make
time delays

In Atmel Studio:

First you should include:

#define F_CPU 8000000UL
#include <util/delay.h>

and then you can use

_delay_us(200); //200 microseconds
_delay_ms(100); //100 milliseconds

 It is compiler dependent

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 I/O programming in C
Byte size I/O programming in C
DDRB = 0xFF;
while (1) {
PORTB = 0xFF;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTB = 0x55;
_delay_ms(500);
}

 PORTX.y to access bit y of PORTX.y (Ex.

PORTB.0=1)
 Different compilers have different syntax for bit
manipulations! It is better to use
Bit-wise logical
operators 24
 Bit-wise logical operators

1110 1110
1111 1111 ~ 1110
& 0000 | 0000 1011
0001 0001 --------------
-------------- -------------- 0001
0000 1110 0100
0001 1111 25
 Shift operations in C
 data >> number of bits to be shifted right
 data << number of bits to be shifted left

1110 0000 >> 0000 0001 <<2

3 --------------
-------------- 0000 0100
0001 1100

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 Setting a bit in a Byte to 1
 We can use | operator to set a bit of a byte
to 1
xxxx xxxx
xxxx OR xxxx
| 0001 | 1 << 4
0000 -------------
-------------
xxx1 xxxx
PORTB |= (1<<4); //set bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB
xxx1 xxxx
PORTB |= 0x10; //set bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB

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 Clearing a bit in a Byte to 0
 We can use | operator to set a bit of a byte
to 1
xxxx xxxx
xxxx OR xxxx
& 1110 & ~(1 <<
1111 4)
------------- -------------
PORTB &= ~(1<<4); //clear bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB
xxx0 xxxx xxx0 xxxx
PORTB &= 0xEF; //clear bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB

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 Inverting a bit in a Byte to 0
 We can use ^ operator to toggle a bit of a
byte
xxxx xxxx
xxxx OR xxxx
^ 0001 ^ (1 << 4)
0000 -------------
-------------
xxxx’ xxxx
PORTB ^= (1<<4); //Toggle bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB
xxxx’ xxxx
PORTB ^= 0x10; //Toggle bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB

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 Checking a bit in a Byte
 We can use & operator to see if a bit in a byte is 1
or 0

xxxx xxxx
xxxx OR xxxx
& 0001 & (1 << 4)
0000 -------------
-------------
if( (PINC & (1<<4)) != 0) 000x
//check 0000
bit 4 (5th bit)
000x 0000
if((PINC & 0x10) != 0) //check bit 4 (5th bit)

if((PINC & 0x10) == 0x10) //check bit 4 (5th bit)

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Data serialization in C

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Data serialization in C

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 RECOMMENDED PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS HIGHLIGHTED IN RED HAVE HIGHER PRIORITY

CHAPTER-7 [AVR programming in C]

Problems:
S7.1 (1, 2, 3) S7.2 (7, 8, 9, 10,11) S7.3 (13, 14, 15, 16,
17) S7.5 (20).

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