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Operating Systems 8

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1 views

Operating Systems 8

Uploaded by

hussainmalaika36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Operating

Systems
Lecture 7
Agenda for Today
 Single-and multi-threaded
process
 Thread models
 User and kernel threads
 Pthreads library with examples
 Recap of lecture
Single-Threaded Process
main()
{ Thread
…
f1(…);
… f1
f2(…);
…
}
f2
f1(…)
{ … }
f2(…)
{ … } Process
Terminated
Multi-Threaded Process
main()
{ Process Address Space
…
thread(t1,f1); main t1 t2
…
thread(t2,f2); PC
…
PC
}
f1(…) PC
{ … }
f2(…)
{ … }
User Threads
Thread management done by user-
level threads libraries
 Kernel not aware of threads
 CPU not interrupted during thread
switching
 A system call by a thread blocks the
whole process
 Fair scheduling: P1 has one thread and
P2 has 100 threads
User Threads
Examples
POSIX Pthreads
Mach C-threads
Solaris 2 threads
Kernel Threads
Thread management done by
kernel
Kernel aware of threads
CPU switched during context
switching
A system call does not block the
whole process
Fair scheduling: P1 has one thread
and P2 has 100
Kernel Threads
Examples
Windows NT/2000
Solaris 2
Linux
Multithreading Models
Support for both user and kernel
threads
Many-to-One: Many user threads
per kernel thread; process blocks
when a thread makes a system call
Solaris Green threads
Pthreads
Many-to-One Model

User–level
Threads

Kernel–level
Thread
Multithreading Models
One-to-One: One user thread per
kernel thread; process does not block
when a thread makes a system call
Overhead for creating a kernel thread
per user thread
True concurrency achieved
Windows NT/2000, OS/2
One-to-One Model
P1 P2

User–level
Threads

Kernel–level
Threads
Multithreading Models
 Many-to-Many: Multiple user threads
multiplexed over a smaller or equal number of
kernel threads
 True concurrency not achieved because kernel
can only schedule one thread at a time
 Kernel can schedule another thread when a
user thread makes a blocking system call
 Solaris 2, HP-UX
Many-to-Many Model
P1 P2 P3

User–level
Threads

Kernel–level
Threads
Solaris 2 Threads Model
Solaris 2: threads, light-weight
processes (LWPs), and processes
At least one LWP per process to
allow a user thread to talk to a
kernel thread
User level threads switched and
scheduled among LWPs without
kernel’s knowledge
Solaris 2 Threads Model
One kernel thread per LWP; some
kernel threads have no LWP (e.g.,
threads for clock interrupt handler
and scheduling)
Solaris 2 Threads Model

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