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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
II YEAR / III SEMESTER
EE6701 – HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
K.GANESH, M.Tech., (Ph.d.,)
Assistant Professor, PHOTO
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering &
Technology,
Vadapudupatti, Annanji (po), Theni – 625531.
TOPIC NAME
UNIT 05 –HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING &
INSULATION COORDINATION
“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought
for with ardor and attended to with diligence.”
―Abigail Adams
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HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING & INSULATION COORDINATION
High voltage testing of electrical power apparatus as per International and
Indian standards–Power frequency, impulse voltage and DC testing of
Insulators, circuit breakers, bushing, isolators and transformers- Insulation
Coordination. .
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HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING & INSULATION COORDINATION
INTRODUCTION
• Purpose of the testing: To ensure that the electrical equipment's are capable of
withstanding the overvoltage's that are met with in service.
• Covers basic requirements procedures for testing on several electrical apparatus.
Normally, high voltage (HV) testing is to investigate the insulation performance.
• International/national specifications for testing are outlined (details of test, specific
equipment, procedure and acceptable limits) to meet the users’ and manufacturers’
requirements.
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CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE TESTS
Destructive Test
• Normally the equipment underwent destructive test cannot be used in the
service.
• Test voltage is higher than its normal working voltage.
• Breakdown test.
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Non-Destructive Test
Mainly done to assess the electrical properties, eg. Resistivity, dielectric
constant and loss factor.
The apparatus is not destroyed during the test and can be used again
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TYPES OF TESTS
Routine Tests
• Made by the manufacturer on every finished piece of product.
• To fulfills the specifications.
Type Tests
• Performed on each type of equipment before their supply on a general commercial scale
–
demonstrate performance characteristics.
• No need to repeat the test unless changes are made in the design of the product
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Maintenance Tests
• Usually carried out after maintenance/repair of the equipment.
• Conducted according to schedule provided.
• Purpose of the test : To ensure the equipment lifetime is
achieved.
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TYPES OF TESTS
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POWER FREQUENCY TESTS
(a) Dry and wet flashover tests:
• A.C voltage of power frequency is applied across the insulator and increased at a
uniform rate of 2% per second of 75%of ther estimated test voltage.
• If the test is conducted under normal conditions without any rain –dry flashover test.
• If the test is conducted under normal conditions of rain –wet flashover test
(b) Dry and wet withstand tests(one minute)
The test piece should withstand the specified voltage which is applied under dry or
wet conditions.
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IMPULSE TESTS ON INSULATORS
• Impulse withstand voltage test
If the test object has withstood the subsequent
applications of standard impulse voltage then it is passed the
test
• Impulse flashover test
The average value between 40% and 60% failure
is taken,then the insulator surface should not be
damaged.
• Pollution Testing
Pollution causes corrosion ,deterioration of the
material,partial discharges and radio interference.Salt fog test
is done.
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TESTING OF BUSHINGS
Power frequency tests
(a ) Power Factor-Voltage Test
Voltage is applied up to the line value in increasing steps and then
reduced.The capacitance and power factor are recorded in each step.
(b) Internal or Partial discharge Test
This id done by using internal or partial discharge
arrangement.
(c ) Momentary Withstand Test at Power frequency
The bushing has to withstand the applied test voltage without flashover or
puncture for 30 sec.
(d) One Minute withstand Test at Power Frequency
The bushing has to withstand the applied test voltage without
flashover or
puncture for 1min.
(d) Visible Discharge Test at Power Frequency
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No discharge should be visible when standard voltage is applied.
IMPULSE VOLTAGE TESTS ON BUSHING
Full wave Withstand Test
The bushing is tested for either polarity voltages,5 consecutive full wave is
applied, If the test object has withstood the subsequent applications of standard
impulse voltage then it is passed the test.
Chopped Wave Withstand and Switching Surge Tests
It is same as full wave withstand test but it is done for high voltage
bushings(220 kV and 400 kV)
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TESTING OF ISOLATORS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Short circuit tests
(a) Direct tests
(b) using a short circuit generator as the source
(c) using the power utility system as the source
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SYNTHETIC TESTS ON CIRCUIT BREAKER AND ISOLATOR
(a) Direct testing in the Networks or in the Fields
This is done during period of limited energy consumption or
when the electrical energy is diverted to other sections of the
network which are not connected to the circuit under the test.
(b) Direct Testing in short Circuit Test Laboratories
A make switch initiates the short circuit and the master c.b
isolates the test device from the source at the end of predetermine
time setnon a test controller
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(c) Synthetic Testing of Circuit Breakers
In the initial period of the short circuit test,a.c current source
supplies the heavy current at a low voltage, and r5ecoveryvoltage is
simulated by a source of high voltage of small current capacity.
(d) Composite Testing
The C.B is tested first for its rated breaking capacity at a
reduced voltage and afterwards for rated voltage at a low current.
(e) Unit Testing
When large C.B of very high voltage rating (220 kV and above)
are to be tested and where more than one break is provided per pole,
the breaker is tested for one break at its rated current and the
estimated voltage.
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(f) Testing Procedure
The C.B are tested for their breaking capacity B and making capacity Mand it
is tested for following duty cycle
(1) B-3-B-3-B at 10%of the rated symmetrical breaking capacity
(2) B-3-B-3-B at 30%of the rated symmetrical breaking capacity
(3) B-3-B-3-B at 60%of the rated symmetrical breaking capacity
(4) B-3-MB-3MB-MB0 at 10%of breaking capacity with the recovery voltage
not less 95% of the rated service voltage
(g ) Asymmetrical Tests
One test cycle is repeated for the asymmetrical breaking capacity in which
the d.c component at the instant of contact separation is not less than 50% of the
a.c component
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TESTING OF CABLES
Different tests on cables are
(i)mechanical tests like bending test, dripping and drainage test, and
fire resistance and corrosion tests
(ii) Thermal duty tests
(iii) Dielectric power factor tests
(iv) Power frequency withstand voltage tests
(v) impulse withstand voltage tests
(vi) Partial discharge test
(vii) Life expectancy tests
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INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
• A gradation of system insulation and protective device operation is to be followed.
• Substations contain transformers and switchgear with non-self restoring insulation
should be protected against flashover
• For other apparatus which contain self restoring insulation may be allowed to
flashover.
• Lightning impulse withstand level known as Basic Insulation Level(BIL).Various
equipment and their component parts should have their BIL above the system
protective level by a margin which is determined with respect to air insulation.
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INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
For higher system voltages, switching surges are of higher magnitude compared to
the lightning over voltages.
The flashover voltage of a protective device is chosen such that it will not operate
for switching overvoltage and other power frequency and its harmonic
overvoltages.BIL has to higher.
For EHV systems, Switching Impulse Level(SIL) should be assigned to each
protective device.
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