 The development of Programming language 1960

Algol-60
1950
Fortran 1963
CPL
1960 Algol-60 Cobol 1967
CPL BCPL
Simula BCPL
1970
1970 Pascal B
B
Smalltalk
C 1972
1980 Ada C

C++ 1985
ANSI C
1990 C++
Java
 Overview of C Language
 Characteristics of C
 Small size
 C is modular
 Loose typing
 Structured language
 Low level programming readily available
 C has a very powerful set of operators
 Rich data structure
 C efficient on most machines
 Overview of C Language
C Program Structure

program functions statements expressions

Characters Operands +
operators
 Essential Elements
Numeral: 0 1 2 … 9
Letter: ABC…Z a b c…z
Character
Operator: + - = > < …
Others: \r \n \t …

Expression
branch: if-else; switch
Statement Control loop: for; while
Jump: break; goto…

Compound

Function: main( ), print(…)

 The First Program Is Always The Same
Print the words: "\Hello, world"
you have to:
 Create the program text
 Compile it successfully
 Run it
 Get the output
 “Hello, world.” Program
/* File: hello.c
This program prints
program comment
the message “Hello,
world.” on the screen.
*/
library inclusions
#include <stdio.h>

void main ()
{ main function
printf (“Hello, world.\n”);
}
• The program is stored as a text file named hello.c
• .c identifies the file as a C program.
 Compile it
 Run it
The C Chapter
Programming
1. A Tutorial
LanguageIntroduction
Chapter
1.1 Getting
1. A Tutorial
Started
Introduction

1.1 Getting Started

Write a program in C to print the words:
hello, world !
include information
#include <stdio.h> about standard library
main( ) main function with no arguments
{ statements of main are enclosed in brace
call library function
printf (“hello, world!”);
named printf

} “\n” is the notation for

newline character.
 \n represents only a single character. An
escape sequence like \n represents hard-to-
type or invisible characaters.
The C Chapter
Programming
1. A Tutorial
LanguageIntroduction
Chapter
1.1 Getting
1. A Tutorial
Started
Introduction

1.1 Getting Started

Write a program in C to print the words:
hello, world !

#include <stdio.h>
main( )
{
printf (“hello,”);
printf (“world”);
printf(“\n”);
}
The C Chapter
Programming
1. A Tutorial
LanguageIntroduction
Chapter
1.1 Getting
1. A Tutorial
Started
Introduction

Write a program in C to print the following table

of Fahrenheit temperatures and their centigrade
or Celsius equivalents: Fahrenheit Celsius
0 -17
20 -6
40 4
60 15
80 26
Formula: C=(5/9)(F-32) 100 37
120 48
140 60
160 71
180 82
200 93
220 104
240 115
260 126
280 137
300 148
 Types
• A type defines a set of values and a set of
operations that can be applied on those
values.
char
short
long
double
int
float
 Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions

Fahrenheit Celsius #include <stdio.h>

0 -17
/* printf Fahrenheit-Celsius table
20 -6 for fahr=0,20,40,…,300 */
40 4 main() fahr = lower
60 15 {
80 26 int fahr, celsius; no
fahr<=upper?
100 37 int lower,upper,step;
120 48 lower = 0; yes /*lower limit of T table*/
140 60 upper = 300; /*upper
temperature limit*/
convert
160 71 stepprint
= 20; /*step size*/
180 82 fahr = lower;
200 93
while(fahr <= upper) {
220 104 fahr=fahe+step
celsius = 5*(fahr-32)/9;
240 115
260 126
printf("%d\t%d\n", fahr,celsius);
280 137
fahr = fahr + step;
300 148
}
}
Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.4 Symbolic Constants

Symbolic Constants
It is a particular string of characters.
Format ：
#define name replacement list
Function:
Any occurrence of name will be replaced by the
#define LOWER 0 /* lower limit of table */
corresponding replacement-text.
#define UPPER 300 /*UPPER limit of table */
#define STEP 20 /*step limit of table */
/* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */
main()
{ 
There is no semicolon at
int fahr; the end of a #define line.
for (fahr=LOWER; fahr<=UPPER; fahr=fahr+STEP)
printf (“%3d %6.1f\n”, fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));
}
Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

Character Input and Output

Important View:
In C, the model of Input & Output are supported by
the standard library, and NOT the statements of C.
Tow simplest I/O functions:
 getchar()
read in a character at a time from text stream
c=getchar();
 putchar()
write one character at a time from text stream
putchar(c);
 Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

 File Copying Algorithm

An assignment can appear as
part of a larger expression.
#include <stdio.h>
/* copy input to output; 1st #include <stdio.h>
version*/ /* copy input to output; 2nd version*/
main()
read in a character main()
{ While ( character is{not end-of-file indicator)
int c;
int c; output the character just read
c=getchar(); while((c=getchar())!=EOF)
read in a
while(c!=EOF) { character putchar(c);
putchar(c); }
c=getchar();
}
}  What happens if
parentheses are omitted?
c=getchar()!=EOF
 Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

Character Counting
/*Version 2*/
/*Version 1*/ #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h> main()
main() {
{ double nc;
long nc; for(nc=0;getchar()!=EOF;++nc)
nc=0; ;
while(getchar()! printf(“%.0f\n”,nc); null statement
=EOF) }
++nc;
printf(“%ld\n”,nc);
}
 Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

 a character between single

 Line Counting quotes, called character
constant, represents an integer
value equal to the numerical
#include <stdio.h> value of the character. For
/* count lines in input */ example, ‘A’‘s value is 65, ‘\n’,
main() a escape sequence , is also a
{ legal character constant.
int c, nl;
nl=0;
while(( c=getchar())!=EOF)
if(c==‘\n’)
++nl;  What value does the ‘\
printf(“%d\n”,nl); n’ has?
}
Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

#include <stdio.h>
#define IN 1 /*inside a word */
 Word Counting: #define OUT 0 /*outside a word */
/*count words in input */
main()
{
int c, nw, state;
state=OUT;
nw=0;
 What is the while((c=getchar())!=EOF) {
function of the if(c==' '|| c=='\n'|| c=='\t')
state=OUT;
variable state? else if (state==OUT) {
state=IN;
++nw;
}
}
printf("%d\n", nw);
}
 Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

Character Counting
/*Version 2*/
/*Version 1*/ #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h> main()
main() {
{ double nc;
long nc; for(nc=0;getchar()!=EOF;++nc)
nc=0; ;
while(getchar()! printf(“%.0f\n”,nc); null statement
=EOF) }
++nc;
printf(“%ld\n”,nc);
} ++ means increment by one.
++nc  nc=nc+1
 Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

 a character between single

 Line Counting quotes, called character
constant, represents an integer
value equal to the numerical
#include <stdio.h> value of the character. For
/* count lines in input */ example, ‘A’‘s value is 65, ‘\n’,
main() a escape sequence , is also a
{ legal character constant.
int c, nl;
nl=0;
while(( c=getchar())!=EOF)
if(c==‘\n’)
++nl;  What value does the ‘\
printf(“%d\n”,nl); n’ has?
}
Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction
1.5 Character Input and Output

#include <stdio.h>
#define IN 1 /*inside a word */
 Word Counting: #define OUT 0 /*outside a word */
/*count words in input */
main()
{
int c, nw, state;
state=OUT;
nw=0;
 What is the while((c=getchar())!=EOF) {
function of the if(c==' '|| c=='\n'|| c=='\t')
state=OUT;
variable state? else if (state==OUT) {
state=IN;
++nw;
}
}
printf("%d\n", nw);
}