Control Statements

Chapter 6

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 Introduction
• A realistic C program may require that a logical test be carried
out at some particular point within the program.
• One of several possible actions will then be carried out,
depending on the outcome of the logical test. This is known
as branching. There is also a special kind of branching, called
selection, in which one group of statements is selected from
several available groups.
• In addition, the program may require that a group of
instructions be executed repeatedly, until some logical
condition has been satisfied. This is known as looping.

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 PRELIMINARIES
• First, we will need to form logical expressions that are either true or
false. To do so, we can use the four relational operators, <, <=, >, >=,
and the two equality operators, == and !=
• In addition to the relational and equality operators, C contains two
logical connectives (also called logical operators), && (AND) and II
(OR), and the unary negation operator !

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 Contd…

• The conditional operator ? : also makes use of an expression

that is either true or false . An appropriate value is selected,
depending on the outcome of this logical expression.
• status = (balance == 0) ? 'C' : '0‘
• There are three different kinds of statements in C: expression
statements, compound statements and control statements

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BRANCHING: THE if - else STATEMENT
• The if - else statement is used to carry out a
logical test and then take one of two possible
actions, depending on the outcome of the test
(i.e., whether the outcome is true or false).
• The simplest general form, the statement can
be written as if ( expression) statement
Where else might be optional.

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Contd…

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 Contd…
• The general form of an if statement which
includes the else clause is
• if (expression) statement1 else statement2

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Example of if-else

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 Nested if-else
• It is possible to nest (i.e., embed) if - else
statements, one within another.

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Example

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 LOOPING: THE while STATEMENT
• The while statement is used to carry out
looping operations, in which a group of
statements is executed repeatedly, until some
condition has been satisfied. The general form
of the while statement is
• while ( expression) statement

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Contd…

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 Contd…
• In some looping situations, the number of
passes through the loop is known in advance.
• Sometimes, however, the number of passes
through the loop is not known in advance.
• Rather, the looping action continues
indefinitely, until the specified logical
condition has been satisfied.
• The while statement is particularly well suited
for this second type of loop.
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 Example
• Lowercase to Uppercase Text Conversion: In this example
we will read a line of lowercase text character-by-character
and store the characters in a char-type array called letter .
• The program will continue reading input characters until an
end-of-line (EOF) character has been read.
• The characters will then be converted to uppercase, using
the library function toupper, and displayed.

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Implementation of while loop

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Contd…

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Example

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MORE LOOPING: THE do - w h i l e STATEMENT

• When a loop is constructed using the while statement

described , the test for continuation of the loop is carried out
at the beginning of each pass.
• Sometimes, however, it is desirable to have a loop with the
test for continuation at the end of each pass. This can be
accomplished by means of the do - while statement.
• The general form of the do - while statement is
• do statement while (expression);

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Example

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 STILL MORE LOOPING: THE for STATEMENT

• This statement includes an expression that specifies

an initial value for an index, another expression that
determines whether or not the loop is continued,
and a third expression that allows the index to be
modified at the end of each pass.
• The general form of the for statement is
• for ( expression 1; expression 2; expression 3) statement

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 Example
• Averaging a List of Numbers:
• Calculates the average of a list of n numbers,
so that the looping action is accomplished by
means of a for statement.

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Contd…

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 NESTED CONTROL STRUCTURES

• Loops, like if - else statements, can be nested, one

within another.
• Repeated Averaging of a List of Numbers:
• Suppose we want to calculate the average of several
consecutive lists of numbers.
• If we know in advance how many lists are to be
averaged, then we can use a for statement to control
the number of times that the inner (averaging) loop
is executed.

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Example

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Input and Output

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Converting Several Lines of Text to Uppercase

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Input and Output

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 Encoding a String of Characters
• Let us write a simple C program that will read in a
sequence of ASCII characters and write out a
sequence of encoded characters in its place.
• If a character is a letter or a digit, we will replace it
with the next character in the character set, except
that Z will be replaced by A, z by a, and 9 by 0.
• Thus 1 becomes 2, C becomes D, p becomes q, and
so on. Any character other than a letter or a digit will
be replaced by a period (.) .

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Example

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Input and Output

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 More Examples
EXAMPLE 6.21
Repeated Compound Interest Calculations with Error
Trapping
EXAMPLE 6.22
Solution of an Algebraic Equation

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 THE switch STATEMENT
• The switch statement causes a particular group of
statements to be chosen from several available
groups.
• The selection is based upon the current value of an
expression which is included within the switch
statement.
• The general form of the switch statement is
• switch (expression) statement
where expression results in an integer value. Note that
expression may also be of type char, since individual
characters have equivalent integer values.
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Contd…

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Example

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Example

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Example

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 Example
Practice the EXAMPLE 6.26 Calculating
Depreciation.

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 THE break STATEMENT
• The break statement is used to terminate
loops or to exit from a switch.
• It can be used within a for, while, do -while, or
switch statement.
• The break statement is written simply as
break; without any embedded expressions or
statements.

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39
 THE continue STATEMENT

• The continue statement is used to bypass the remainder of the current

pass through a loop.
• The loop does not terminate when a continue statement is encountered.
Rather, the remaining loop statements are skipped and the computation
proceeds directly to the next pass through the loop.
• The continue statement can be included within a while, a do - while or a
for statement.
• It is written simply as
continue;
without any embedded statements or expressions.

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Example

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Example

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Input and Output

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 THE COMMA OPERATOR

• We now introduce the comma operator (,) which is used

primarily in conjunction with the for statement.
• This operator permits two different expressions to appear
in situations where only one expression would ordinarily be
used. For example, it is possible to write
• for( expression 1a, expression 1b; expression 2; expression
3) statement
• for ( expression 1; expression 2; expression 3a, expression
3b) statement
• Practice the example-EXAMPLE 6.32 Searching for
Palindromes 44
 THE goto STATEMENT
• The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of
program execution by transferring control to some other part of
the program.
• In its general form, the goto statement is written as
goto label;
where label is an identifier that is used to label the target
statement to which control will be transferred.
• Control may be transferred to any other statement within the
program.
• To be more precise, control may be transferred anywhere
within the current function.

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 Contd…
The most common applications were:
1. Branching around statements or groups of
statements under certain conditions.
2. Jumping to the end of a loop under certain
conditions, thus bypassing the remainder of the loop
during the current pass.
3. Jumping completely out of a loop under certain
conditions, thus terminating the execution of a loop.

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 Contd…
• The use of the structured features such as if-else, continue,
break are preferrable to the use of the goto statement
• Because the use of goto tends to encourage (or at least, not
discourage) logic that skips all over the program whereas the
structured features in C require that the entire program be
written in an orderly, sequential manner.
• For this reason, use of the goto statement should generally be
avoided.

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Example

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Thank You!!!

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