CE-205 SURVEYING – I

DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering UET
Peshawar
 Importance of Surveying in Civil
Engineering
• Surveying is a basic requirement for all civil engineering
projects.
• The planning design of all civil engineering projects such as
construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc. are
based upon surveying measurements
• Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is
constructed along the lines and points established by
surveying.
• Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized
are
• to fix the national and state boundaries;
• to chart coastlines, streams and lakes;
• to establish control points;
• to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and
mapping; and
• to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.
 Plan and Map
Plan
• The graphical representation of the features on, near or below the
surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane to a suitable
scale.
• However, since the surface of the earth is curved and that of the
paper is plane, no part of the earth can be represented on such
maps without distortion.
• If the area to be represented is small, the distortion is less and large
scale can be used. Such representations are called plans.
• Representation of a particular locality in a municipal area is a plan
Map
• If the area to be represented is large, small scales are to be used and
distortion is large. Representation of larger areas are called maps.
• Representation of a state/country is a map.
There is no exact demarcation between a plan and map.
Scale
• Scale is a fixed ratio that every distance on the plan bears with corresponding distance on the
ground. Or
• The ratio by which the actual length of the object is reduced or increased.
Representation Factor (R.F)
• The ratio of map distance to the corresponding ground distance independent of units of
measurement is called Representative Factor (RF).
For example,
1cm = 50m
RF = 1/(50×100) = 1/5000
Small Scale
• A map having R.F less than 1/500 is considered as small scale. Or when 1 cm of a map
represents a large distance e.g. 1 cm = 100 m
Large Scale
• A map having R.F larger than 1/500 is considered as large scale. Or when 1 cm of a map
represents a small distance e.g. 1 cm = 1 m
 Topics to be Covered (Week 2 & 3)

• Distance measurement techniques, Instruments

• Introduction to Chaining/Tapping and Chain survey

• Computations and mapping

 Distance measurement techniques

There are two techniques for measurement of Distances

1. Direct Measurement
By chain or Tape or other Instruments directly

2. Indirect Measurement or Computative

Distance is obtained by taking some data and calculations are made e.g.
Triangulation or by using Total Station
 Direct Measurement

Several methods are available for measuring distance,

1. Pacing (‫ )چہل قدمی کرنا‬Measurement is related with the no. of steps taken by a person

2. Passometer (‫( )قدم پیما‬The same Technique but the no. of steps are counted by Passometer)

3. Pedometer (‫( )فاصلہ پیما‬The same but this instrument registered the distance traversed)

4. Odometer (‫( )مسافت پیما‬device attached to the wheel of bicycle, knowing the circumference of the wheel,
distance can be calculated)
5. Speedometer (The Speedometer of Vehicles is used for straight highways)

6. Perambulator (‫( )سیر کرنے والا‬A device like a wheel is used and the registered readings is the distance)

7. Judging distance (To Judge it, just say 300m, or 310m)

8. Time Measurement (How much distance is normally travelled by a person in one hour and so on)

9. Chaining (Distance measured between two points In a horizontal plane using chain)
 Chain

• Chain is composed of 100-150 pieces of galvanized mild steel called LINKS.

• Links are Connected to each other through oval ring for flexibility.

• End Provided with Brass handle to drag chain, Outside of handle is ZERO.
• Length Measured from outside of one handle To outside of other handle.

• Metallic tags are attached to specified distances.

Different Types of Chain
 Different Types of Chain
Metric chain
• Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are fixed at
every five-meter length and brass rings are provided at every meter
length except where tallies are attached.
Gunter’s Chain
• Length= 66’ (22 yards), No of links= 100
• Used for measuring distances in miles or furlongs(220 yards),
acres(Area)
Engineer’s Chain
• Length=100’, No of links=100, Each link = 1’
• Used in all Engineering Surveys.
Revenue Chain
• Length=33’, No of links= 16
• Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey.
 Different Types of Tapes
Cloth or linen tape
• Used for subsidiary (Less) measurements
• Very light, easy to handle
• May effect by moisture

Metric steel tape

• Made of steel
• Outer end is provided with a ring for holding

Invar tape
• Used for high precision work
• Made of alloy steel

Synthetic tape
• Made of glass fiber with PVC coating
• These are used for short measurements
 Laths

Plumb Bob Ranging Rods

Pegs

Instruments used for

Whites
Marking the Station
 Topics to be Covered (Week 2 & 3)

• Introduction to Chaining/Tapping and Chain survey

 Chaining of a Line

• Two men are required,

1. Leader 2. Follower

• Duties of Leader:
a. To drag the chain
b. To insert arrows at the end of survey chain length
c. To obey instructions of the follower

• Duties of Follower:
a. To place leader in line with ranging rod
b. Always carry the rear handle in his hand
c. To pick up the arrows inserted by the leaders.
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 Direct Ranging

• It is used while ranging on a plane ground, when two points are inter visible.
PROCEDURE:
• Fix the ranging rods at the two given stations.
• The follower stand behind station A and directs the leader, with ranging rod
to come in line with AB by signals of ranging
• When the ranging rod comes in the line of AB the follower directs the leader
to fix the ranging rod in position.
• Let the intermediate point be C which should be less than 100 feet.
• Now the leader taken another ranging rod and stands between A and B about
2/3 distance from A
 Errors in Chaining

1. Compensating Errors
• Errors which may occurs in both directions (i.e. both +ive & -ive) are known
as compensating errors
• The errors tend to compensate each other and do not affects the survey work
seriously.
• These errors may be caused by
i. Incorrect holding of the chain
ii. The horizontal and vertical steps are not properly maintained during
surveying of a sloped area
iii. Fractional parts of the tape or chain not being uniform through out its
length
 Errors in Chaining
2. Cumulative Errors
• These errors always occur in the same direction and tend to accumulate.
• These errors seriously affects the accuracy of the work.
• These errors may be positive or negative errors.
• The positive errors shortens the measurement (e.g. where the tape length is shorter
than what it should be) while
• The negative errors elongates the measurements (e.g. where the tape is longer than
what it should be).
• Checking the equipment can eliminate these errors
• These errors may be caused due to
i. Chain may be shorter or longer than the standard length
ii. Slope and seg corrections are not applied
iii. Measurements are made with faulty alignment
 Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy Degree of Accuracy in Chaining
• Accuracy is the degree of conformity of a given • It is also known as the chaining
measurement with a standard value. Or ratio
• It is the degree of perfection achieved in e.g. an error of 0.25 m during the
measurement. measurement of a total length of
• When a measured value is very close to the true 500 m
value, it is said to be very accurate. Chaining ratio = 0.25/500 = 1/2000
Precision Permissible Limit of Error
• Precision of measurement denotes the degree of • For measurement with steel
agreement between several measurements of quantity. band = 1/2000
• For measurement with tested
• Precision reflects the degree of perfection used in the
chain = 1/1000
instrument observation and methods whereas
accuracy is the degree of perfection achieved. • In normal conditions = 1/500
• In rough work = 1/250
 CHAIN AND TAPE CORRECTIONS

• The following five corrections may be calculated for the measured length of
chain or tape:
1. Correction for incorrect length
2. Correction for slope
3. Correction for temperature
4. Correction for pull, and
5. Correction for sag
Nominal Length or Designated length
• It is the length of the tape under its manufacturing conditions e.g. 30 m.
Absolute Length
• Actual length of the tape under specified or field condition.
 Errors in Length due to incorrect Chain

• The most common errors are that the chain may be too long or too short.
• If chain is too long then the measured length will be smaller than the actual, so the
error is negative and the correction is positive.
• If chain is too short then the measured length will be too long that is longer than
the actual, so the error is positive and the correction is negative.
• It will be corrected by using the formula
• True length of a line = L’/L * (Measured Distance)
Where L’= Incorrect Length of chain
L = Correct length of chain
Error in Area due to incorrect Chain
Error in Volume due to incorrect Chain
• True Area = (L’/L)2 * (Measured Area)
• True Volume = (L’/L)3 * (Measured Volume)